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In order to protect those species I prospose as a project to create a seed bank. This seed bank will be modern and compatible with the European rules. Keeping seeds can prevent the extinction of the plants and their genetic material.

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Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed (Society for Ecological Restoration definition). Ecological restoration is a means of sustaining the diversity of life on Earth and re-establishing an ecologically healthy relationship between nature and culture. Ecological restoration can and should be a fundamental component of conservation and sustainable development programs throughout the world by virtue of its inherent capacity to provide people with the opportunity to not only repair ecological damage, but also improve the human condition.

Restoration ecology is a relatively new science that provides the knowledge and helps guide the development of the tools and technology needed to return an ecosystem to health. In many cases, restoration works to enhance the process of ecological succession. After a disturbance such as a fire or a storm, succession occurs naturally as plants and wildlife return to the area and re-establish a complex network of interdependent species. However, where an ecosystem has been damaged by humans, the process of succession must be facilitated by human intervention. Non-native plants and wildlife that have invaded an area should be removed or at least controlled; erosion control measures must be put into place, and native species in many cases must be reintroduced or their populations reinforced.

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1. Preservation of Crop Diversity
This is the most important reason for the storage of seeds. Just as human beings and animals are adapted to different conditions for survival, so are crops. Different types of the same species exist due to this adaptive nature. Therefore, it is of critical necessity that such diversity is preserved.

2. Protection from Climate Change
For a couple of decades now, the world has witnessed radical climatic change that has been accelerated by increased industrial pollution. Crop extinction is inevitable with such extreme changes. If seeds are stored in seed banks, the danger of total elimination of certain species of crops is eliminated.

3. Protection from Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are unforeseen events that could lead to complete annihilation of crops from the face of the earth. The foresight of keeping seeds in a seed bank could save such a situation. Malaysian rice paddies, for example, were wiped out during the 2004 tsunami  and international seed banks provided farmers with seeds that helped them start over.

4. Disease Resistance
Crop diseases are highly contagious and very deadly to plants. A serious breakout could completely eliminate crops. Where diseases have ravaged crops and left no traces that farmers could start on, seed banks can intervene and provide them with seeds that will enable them start on a clean slate.

5. Provide seed material for research
Seeds that are stored in seed banks can be made easily available to scientists and researchers who wish to study these seeds especially if such research could lead to improvement of crop production.

6. Preservation from Man-made Disasters
Man-made disasters such as war and oil spills could lead to the annihilation of crops. Counties that are engaged in war make it difficult for farmers to continue farming and it’s easy for crops to disappear. Once peace is restored, seeds can be retrieved from seed banks and replanted.

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With climate change on the increase, many crops are in danger of going extinct, and this will undoubtedly cause a global food crisis. The worldwide population explosion has also led to increased consumption of food that exceeds production. Seed banking and conservation is a technique that can avert such unforeseen emergencies. Seeds are stored in secured seed banks and can be retrieved when crops disappear.

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This part of the padlet is simmilar to the other users' padlets. Most users have also chosen wine (not the specific wine I have enlisted though) and have also chosen beer. No local liquors have been yet detected. Also, cinamon and pepper is also common in other padlets too. Last but not least, christmass tree and mistletoe have been enlisted in almost every other padlet, while some variations have also been observed.

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Theophrastus's Enquiry into Plants or Historia Plantarum was, along with his mentor Aristotle's History of Animals, Pliny the Elder's Natural History and Dioscorides's De Materia Medica, one of the most important books of natural history written in ancient times, and like them it was influential in the Renaissance. Theophrastus looks at plant structure, reproduction and growth; the varieties of plant around the world; wood; wild and cultivated plants; and their uses. Book 9 in particular, on the medicinal uses of plants, is one of the first herbals, describing juices, gums and resins extracted from plants, and how to gather them.
Along with his other surviving botanical work, On the Causes of Plants, Enquiry into Plants was an important influence on science in the middle ages. On the strength of these books, the first scientific inquiries into plants and one of the first systems of plant classification, Linnaeus called Theophrastus "the father of botany".

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Pepper is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, and has been known to Indian cooking since at least 2000 BCE.

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Cinnamon has been known from remote antiquity. It was imported to Egypt as early as 2000 BC, but those who reported that it had come from China had confused it with cinnamon cassia, a related species.

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A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the seed of such a plant (also called pulse). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind.

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Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.

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A cereal is any of the edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit, called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops.

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the main tree species decorated during Christmas

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the main tree species decorated during Christmas

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Viscum album is a species of mistletoe in the family Santalaceae, commonly known as European mistletoe, common mistletoe or simply as mistletoe (Old English mistle). It is native to Europe and western and southern Asia. Viscum album is a hemiparasite on several species of trees, from which it draws water and nutrients. It has a significant role in European mythology, legends, and customs. In modern times, it is commonly featured in Christmas decoration and symbology.
Abies alba, the European silver fir or silver fir, is a fir native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and south to Italy, Bulgaria, Albania and northern Greece; it is also commonly grown on Christmas tree plantations in the North East region of North America spanning New England in the USA to the Maritime provinces of Canada.

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A liqueur is an alcoholic drink flavored variously by fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, nuts or cream combined with distilled spirits.
Chios Mastiha Liqueur is a liqueur flavoured with mastic distillate or mastic oil from the island of Chios. The name Chios Mastiha has protected designation of originstatus in the European Union. Chios Mastiha liqueur is served cold and has a crystal clear colour and a sweet aroma.

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During past centuries the travellers wanted to link “Ariousios wine” with Homer, the greatest poet of all ages.HOMER In Chios Island, they were searching to identify his grave and they thought he should have been born to the production place of the most famous wine of antiquity. They thought that there he had inspired the immortal lyrics, to praise the "the glory of men and gods."

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Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and heat.

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There are a lot of simmilarities between my BioAria and other BioAreas as far as this part is concerned. It is really obvious that climate change has affected and is yet to affect most parts of the Earth.
Unfortunatelly, climatic phenomena have an impact throughout the Earth, predominatelly by increasing the average temperature, and raising the oceans through ice melting of the poles. As a resault a lot of species go extinct or try to find other solutions to survive (such as migration).

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Climate change is expected to result in warmer temperatures in urban areas which are translated into more days with maximum temperature above 35oC and night temperatures exceeding the 20oC. In some cases, flash floods events are expected to become more frequent. Unpleasant high temperature and relative humidity combined with high levels of aerosol pollution of the atmosphere, as well as the lack of green spaces will increase the feeling of discomfort in the citizens of big cities. For instance, Thessaloniki, Patras, Lamia and Larissa are expected to experience up to 20 more heatwave days, and almost an additional month with night-time temperatures higher than 20oC. The total annual precipitation is found to decrease in Lamia, Larissa, Volos, Thessaloniki and Athens, however the amount of a 3-day precipitation event seems to increase by 10- 20%. Hence, extreme rainfall episodes tend to occur more frequently. Another impact of climate change in urban regions is the increase energy demand for cooling in summer and a decrease demand for heating in winter. However, the winter and summer loads do not counterbalance each other, as the energy consumption required for cooling in summer is greatest at specific days and times of the day.

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The Mediterranean region is vulnerable to climate change particularly due to its sensitivity to drought and rising temperatures. Climate change is related to changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events, which may adversely affect vital economic sectors, such as agriculture and tourism, and have substantive impacts on local communities. In addition, extreme climate events can be destructive to human health, while climate change may also have a direct impact on local people’s lives as it affects sectors such as water resources and energy. For all these reasons, in recent years the scientific community has developed a special interest in studying potential future climate changes.

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There are a lot of differences between my padlet and other users' padlets. However there are some common points. In more detail, other users have different BioAreas, which means that they have chosen different endemic plants to demonstrate as well as there are different stress factors in the envirneoment. For instance, my BioArea's main stress factor is droufgt, while in other BioAreas other factors, such as uneven storms, are predominant. However, all BioAreas of the other co-users are extremely interesting to study, as I learned a lot of things through them that I didn't even have a clue that existed.

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Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe

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Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe

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Cosmos began as a lecture series delivered by Humboldt at the University of Berlin, and was published in five volumes between 1845 and 1862 (the fifth was posthumous and completed based on Humboldt's notes). Humboldt first examines outer space – the Milky Way, cosmic nebulae, and planets – and then proceeds to the Earth and its physical geography; climate; volcanoes; relationships among plants, animals, and mankind; evolution; and the beauty of nature. In the second part, on the history of science, Humboldt aims to take the reader on an inner or “subjective” journey through the mind.
Widely read by academics and laymen alike, it applied the ancient Greek view of the orderliness of the cosmos (the harmony of the universe) to the Earth, suggesting that universal laws applied as well to the apparent chaos of the terrestrial world.
Humboldt's work gave a strong impetus to scientific exploration throughout the nineteenth century, inspiring many, including Charles Darwin, who brought some of Humboldt's earlier writings with him on his voyage as the naturalist aboard the Beagle in the 1830s.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a Prussian polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.

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Response of Mediterranean Ornamental Plants to Drought Stress

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Response of Mediterranean Ornamental Plants to Drought Stress

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Ornamental plants use unique adaptive mechanisms to overcome the negative effects of drought stress. A large number of species grown in the Mediterranean area offer the opportunity to select some for ornamental purposes with the ability to adapt to drought conditions. The plants tolerant to drought stress show different adaptation mechanisms to overcome drought stress, including morphological, physiological, and biochemical modifications. These responses include increasing root/shoot ratio, growth reduction, leaf anatomy change, and reduction of leaf size and total leaf area to limit water loss and guarantee photosynthesis. In this review, the effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence is discussed. Recent information on the mechanisms of signal transduction and the development of drought tolerance in ornamental plants is provided. Finally, drought-induced oxidative stress is analyzed and discussed. The purpose of this review is to deepen our knowledge of how drought may modify the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants and reduce their aesthetic value—that is, the key parameter of assessment of ornamental plants.

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Study of the effects of naturally-occurring environmental stress on the physiology of mediterranean-climate plants has a long history. Some contemporary approaches, such as assessing responses of photosynthesis of sclerophylls to the seasonal drought period, go back over half a century to the studies of Guttenberg and Buhr (1935), who found reductions in photosynthetic capacity and midday depression of rates. Many recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which mediterranean-climate plants tolerate seasonal drought stress are summarized in this volume.

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The impact of environmental stress on plant performance in mediterranean-climate ecosystems: Differing levels of analysis

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Study of the effects of naturally-occurring environmental stress on the physiology of mediterranean-climate plants has a long history. Some contemporary approaches, such as assessing responses of...

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The Mediterranean basin stretches c.3,800 km east to west from the tip of Portugal to the shores of Lebanon and some 1,000 km north to south from Italy to Morocco and Libya. Within the European Union, the Mediterranean Region encompasses seven Member States either partially (France, Portugal, Italy, Spain) or completely (Greece, Malta, Cyprus).

The climate is characterised by hot dry summers and humid, cool winters but it can also be notoriously capricious with sudden torrential downpours or bouts of high winds (eg. the Sirocco, the Mistral) occurring at various times of the year. These climatic conditions have a profound influence on the vegetation and wildlife of the region. So does its varied and contrasting topography – the Mediterranean Region offers an ever changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad islands of various shapes and sizes dotted amidst the clear blue sea.

Contrary to the classic ‘sun, sea and sand’ images portrayed in most tourist brochures, the Mediterranean is surprisingly hilly. One is almost never out of sight of the mountains, even on the islands.

Having escaped the last Ice Age, all these areas harbour their own special kind of wildlife and habitats. As a result, the Mediterranean has not only a very rich biodiversity but also a large number of species that exist here and nowhere else in the world. The rate of endemism is exceptionally high both on land and in the sea. Of the 25,000 flowering plants identified so far–representing around 10% of all known plants on earth – more than half are endemic to the region. Not surprisingly, the Mediterranean is considered one of the top biodiversity hotspots in the world.

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Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia

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Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia

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P Magiatis, E Melliou, AL Skaltsounis, IB Chinou… - Planta …, 1999

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Thieme E-Journals - Planta Medica / Abstract

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Fritillaria species (Liliaceae) with yellow or yellowish-green flowers in Greece

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Fritillaria species (Liliaceae) with yellow or yellowish-green flowers in Greece

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G Kamari - Bocconea, 1996 - 147.163.105.223

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Chios is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) off the Anatolian coast.

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Fritillaria is a genus of herbaceous bulbous perennials. It is characterised by nodding (pendant) flowers, perianthscampanulate (bell- or cup-shaped) with erect segments in upper part, a nectarial pit, groove or pouch at the base of the tepal, anthers usually pseudobasifixed, rarely versatile, fruit sometimes winged, embryo minute.

Flowers often solitary and nodding, but some form umbels or have racemes with many flowers. Perianth campanulate (bell or cup shaped) and its segments usually tesselated with squares of alternating light and dark colours. Nectaries are large and well developed, and in most species (with the exception of Rhinopetalum), are linear to lanceolate or ovate and weakly impressed upon the tepals.

The bulbs typically consist of a few tightly packed fleshy scales with a translucent tunic that disappears with further growth of the bulb. However, some species have naked bulbs with many scales and loosely attached bulbils, resembling those of the closely related Lilium.

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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Fritillaria
Species: F. Pelinaea

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Pistacia lentiscus is a shrub or dioecious tree, with separate male and female plants, evergreen from 1 to 5 m high, with a strong smell of resin, growing in dry and rocky areas in Mediterranean Europe. It resists heavy frosts and grows on all types of soils, and can grow well in limestone areas and even in salty or saline environments, making it more abundant near the sea. It is also found in woodlands, dehesas (almost deforested pasture areas), Kermes oak wood, oaks wood, garrigue, maquis, hills, gorges, canyons, and rocky hillsides of the entire Mediterranean area. It is a very typical species that grows in Mediterranean mixed communities of myrtle, Kermes oak, Mediterranean dwarf palm, buckthorn, sarsaparilla, etc. and serves as protection and food for birds and other fauna in this ecosystem. It is a very hardy pioneer species dispersed by birds. When older, it develops some large trunks and numerous thicker and longer branches. In appropriate areas, when allowed to grow freely and age, it often becomes a tree of up to 7 m. However, logging, grazing, and fires often prevent its development.

The leaves are alternate, leathery, and compound paripinnate (no terminal leaflet) with five or six pairs of deep-green leaflets. It presents very small flowers, the male with five stamens, the female trifid style. The fruit is a drupe, first red and then black when ripe, about 4 mm in diameter.

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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Pistacia
Species: P. lentiscus

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Chios mastic is a unique product that grows only in the south of the island. The mastic trees have cultivated in Chios since the 1st century AD and the mastic was mainly had pharmaceutical uses. The mastic producing trees are called “skinos” (Ρistacia lentiscus var chia). It is a perennial bush that grows up to two or three metres and lives over a hundred years. The tress can grow in several places but only in the south of Chios they produce this unique aromatic resin called mastic. Mastic is used in the manufacturing of cosmetics, in pastry making, in the beverage and distillery industries and in pharmaceuticals. Research has shown that it is used in the treatment of skin diseases, burns and also in the management of cholesterol and blood pressure levels. It also has antiseptic and aphrodisiac qualities.

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Blooming together with the orchids on Mt. Pelinnaio is Fritillaria pelinaea, another rare and protected species endemic to Chios. It thrives in forested and shrubby sites and blooms from late March through April. It is included in the Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece (2009 edition). Pelinaeon mountain has been the subject of botanical research for many years and has yielded several new species endemic to the mountain

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Of the many species of orchids that grow in Europe, so far have been identified 110 species and subspecies in Chios, including: Ophrys homeri, Ophrys phrygia, Ophrys omegaifera, Ophrys regis-ferdinandii, Orchis sancta, Orchis anatolica, Orchis anthropophora.

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The flora and fauna of Chios is very diverse - an example of the island’s geographical position at the crossroads of east and west and several unique species are found in the island.