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Many railroads went bankrupt after much competition arose between railroads trying to raise profits with rebates, kickbacks, and high freight rates. Also, JP Morgan and other bankers consolidated railroads to increase efficiency and stabilize rates..

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Mechanized farming like the mechanized threshign machines and McCormick reaper allowed for more crops to be harvested faster and with less people.

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Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis"

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Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis"

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Because of the frontier's huge impact on promoting independence and individualism in American culture, closing the availability of this free land will cause patterns of social division and conflict as there is no more safety valve for harmlessly releasing discontent in American society.

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Farmers have an abundant amount of product that can't be sold

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A labor union of people of the same skilled craft.

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Widening gap between concentration of wealth in the rich and the lower classes

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The idea applied to market place where wealth was concentrated in upper class rather than spreading the wealth to the poor, which influenced beliefs of racial intolerance.

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The combined effects of overproduction, low distribution with other countries, and low consumption, America experienced economic dips between 1860 and 1900.

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The movement became active in politics and in the economy to defend farmers from middleme, trusts, and railroads.

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Morgan created a regional railroad monopol

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Built up idea of "self-made man" (rising from humble backgrounds to scucessful mid class)

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As the US population and econ grew, there was much corruption politically and financially.

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Led to use of court injunctions as another method of strike breaking

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This act broke up tribal organizations by dividing tribal lands.

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The Great Railroad Strike in 1877 happened when B&O railroad cut the wages of the workers for the third time in a year.

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With the Republican majority in Congress favoring positive government intervention in the economy, the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act encouraged a growing railroad industry and connecting markets.

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Encouraged farming on Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of five years.

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Debs turned to socialism as he recognized the need to balance demands of management with the needs of workers through more radical solutions

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Growing farmer discontent from tchanges in agriculture, falling prices, and rising costs from unfair farmer taxes favoring industrial ts influenced the formation of the populist party.

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The high protective tariff protected domestic industries from foreign competition by putting a tax on imports. Because prices were raised overall to compete, foreign companies lost the incentive to sell in America.

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A type of basic unionism that had goal of increasing wages, less working hours and and receiving better working condition.

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Radical union that aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers.

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A goal that characterized the 1860s was the need for connecting markets from the northeast and across the frontier.

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Resulted in a setback for workers' efforts to unionize the steel industry

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Definition: Consolidate economic power via internal consolidation

Carnegie Created a vertical monopoly in the steel industry by controlling every level involved in steel production such as: Raw material, transport, and manufacturing

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Combination of mulitple businesses or monopolies often within the same industry

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The Morill act provided federal educational institutions that American Indians attended during the 1990s.

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A way in order to move Eastern Indians west.
This is an example of assimilation because this would break up eastern Indian tribes.

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Association of craft unions

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Used as a way to break Indian cultural identities. If American Indians did not adopt to American cultures, US gov believed that they would go extinct

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promoted by the growth of cities with more job opportunities in different industries

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The freedom of many people in the United States provided many low class jobs such as the transcontinental railroad

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The aid of government subsidies as financial incentives to expand the railroad industry resulted in the creation of the First Transcontinental Railroad  and many others.

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Economic expression that characterized the 19th century, in which American industrialist justified their methods of business of natural regulation while still being protected by tariffs.

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Belief in using religion to justify industrialist's' wealth:

-Carnegie's protestant work ethic and Rockefeller's god-given wealth

-god given responsibility for civic philanthropy to benefit society

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Railroad tycoon

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Occurred in 1886, the Haymarket Affair started when workers were striking for an eight hour day and ending with a bombing

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A secret national labor union that tried to avoid detection from employers

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Owner of big corporation Standard Oil

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occurs when a company controls both the production and distribution of its product.

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Founded Carnegie Steel (US Steel)

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One company controls other companies producing the same products