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The Serra da Arrábida began its formation about 250 million years ago, in the Mesozoic era, resulting from the clash between the African and Eurasian plates. It consists of a mountainous chain, whose highest point reaches 501 meters (at the top of the formosinho), which extends from Cabo Espichel to Palmela. This chain includes the Sierras do Risco, Arrábida, S. Luís, Gaiteiros and S. Francisco. It is situated in the western part of the European continent, in the Peninsula of Setúbal, counties of Palmela, Sesimbra and Setúbal Its limestone constitution and its millenarian formation make the Serra a unique example of the primitive Mediterranean vegetation. Due to its climate and soil type, luxuriant vegetation has developed, creating a superb imposing landscape that overlooks an ocean of clear waters and a paradisiacal color. Cutting the Serra along a winding road, you find the most idyllic places, from beaches to charming valleys. The predominant green of the entire Serra da Arrábida dips only in its nearest neighbor, the sea - the so-called Arrábida sea has been classified as Luíz Saldanha Marine Park.

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Natural Park (PNArr) occupies an area of ​​approximately 17 thousand ha, of which more than 5 thousand are of marine surface, covering territory belonging to to the municipalities of Palmela, Sesimbra and Setúbal.

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In the cliffs are also located caves that harbor an important cave fauna, including some species of bats in danger of extinction that reproduce here and hibernate. Namely, the bat of the plush Miniopterus scheibersii, the Mediterranean horseshoe bat Rhinopholus euryale, the large horseshoe bat Rhinopholus ferrumequinum, the horseshoe bat Rhinopholus hipposideros, the horseshoe bat Rhinelophus mehelyi, the Myotis nattereri fringed bat and the large mouse-bat Myotis myotis (Rainho, 1995). The presence of the following mammals Genetta genetta or genetta, Herpestes ichneumon suckers, Meles meles badger, Mustela spp., Mustela nivalis, Vulpes vulpes, Lepus granatensis, and Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbit.

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The high botanical interest of the Serra da Arrábida lies in the composition of its vegetation, where there is the convergence of three floristic elements:

the Euro-Atlantic, dominant in the north quadrant exposures, cooler, damp and gloomy;
the Mediterranean, dominant in the expositions of the south quadrant, hotter, drier and brighter; and
the Macaronesian prevailing in the most marked maritime situations, the cliffs.

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In the avifauna are noted the diurnal prey such as Bonelli's eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus, round-winged eagle or buteo buteo buteo, common kestrel Falco tinnunculus, all threatened prey that nest on the cliffs. These habitats are also site for the occurrence of a vast array of other birds such as the eagle-fishing Pandion haliaetus, the bufo-royal Bubo bubo, the cormorant-crested Phalacrocorax aristotelis and the pigeon-of-the-rocks Columba livia. It should also be noted that Cape Espichel constitutes one of the sections of one of the preferred routes for migrating birds. This place, with few trees and exposed to the sea wind, is little rich in terms of nesting birds, but acquires particular importance in the end of the summer, during the migration.

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Arrábida is a site of great diversity of species of fauna, with about 650 invertebrates identified, namely spiders, beetles, butterflies, ants 4 of tingideos. It should also be noted that Geocharis boeiroi, Cernorhinus serranoi and Candidula setubalensis occur exclusively in the Arrábida mountain range, the latter being a snail on the IUCN Red List.

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Arrábida da Serra ao Mar - Património Mundial da Unesco - YouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKyYvT8TU4A

▶ 47:11

06/01/2013 - Carregado por Pedro Silva

Programa emitido pela SIC no dia 6 de Janeiro de 2013, com realização de Luís Quinta e Ricardo

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The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Two examples of animals with a predator-prey relationship

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Two examples of animals with a predator-prey relationship

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Ratworm snake (Malpolon monspessulanus) and mouse-of-field (Apodemus sylvaticus)
Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata) and common partridge (Alectoris rufa)

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Tick                                    Cytinus parasite Cistus ladanife r

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals(1)

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals(1)

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Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus)

In Portugal, the Bonelli's Eagle nestles mainly in mountainous regions. Due to their relative inaccessibility, limestone cliffs and rocky outcrops are breeding and refuge habitats for rupicolous birds, such as Bonelli's eagle. At Arrábida, we can find the only nesting pair on the Portuguese coast. It feeds mainly on medium-sized mammals (Bravo-Rabbits) and birds (Red Partridge and columbiformes), less frequently reptiles. Hunting normally alone can also do it in pairs. It is a characteristic species of Mediterranean ecosystems

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals (2)

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals (2)

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Snout-nosed Frog (Discoglossus galganoi)

The spotted-toothed frog can be found in the Serra da Arrábida in areas of scrub, where the weeds can reach in height (1.5 to 3m) and in density (90 to 100) These areas with special ecological characteristics constitute one of the preferred habitats of this amphibian.
This species is endemic to the West of the Iberian Peninsula, occurs in almost all the country in fragmented nuclei. The national distribution accounts for about 25% of its worldwide distribution. There are no estimates of population density for Portugal, but it is assumed that the number of mature individuals exceeds 10000.

Adults feed mostly on land, near the water masses where they live. They do not select the prey, eating all the small animals that move nearby since they are of an adequate size, even eating juveniles of the species itself.
The larvae feed mainly phytoplankton and decomposing organic material. They may also eat small aquatic invertebrates

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The Solitary Forest (among other Serra regions) has the status of Total Protection Area. Where human presence is only permitted, with prior authorization and for reasons of scientific research and dissemination, surveillance and environmental monitoring and monitoring, as well as to carry out actions to safeguard the area and conservation interests that led to its classification.

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The Solitary Forest - these areas provide a large amount of food for the populations of primary consumers, such as various species of insects (which feed on plant constituents), rodents, lagomorphs (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and granivorous birds (eg Alectoris rufa), partridges, common thereby favoring intermediate consumers in the food chain, such as predatory and parasitic insect populations, reptiles, some passerines and bats, and hence consumers at the top of the chain, such as kestrel populations (Falco tinnunculus), Bonelli's eagle, Bubo bubo, the fox badger (Vulpes vulpes), the ferret (Mustela nivalis) and the toiram (Mustela putorius), the geneta (Genetta genetta), and the probable occurrence of wild cat (Felis silvestris).

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In terms of herpetofauna they are frequented by species of markedly terrestrial habits, such as the pentadactyla (Chalcides pentadactylus), the toad-toothed lizard, the sardan, the Iberian lizard (Podarcis hispanica), the lizard and the snake-worm.

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A ÁGUIA-DE-BONELLI (Hieraaetus fasciatus) NA ARRÁBIDA Luís Filipe Oliveira (*)

http://www.bafari.org/uploads/5/1/6/1/5161717/bonelarr.pdf

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There are two snails that are unique to the Serra da Arrábida
It is a saw so special that it has its own snails: two species. How many animals are there? What is your distribution? How did they stop there? All this is under study.
It is called Candidula arrabidensis and is a new species of snail, discovered about a year ago by a British scientists resident in Portugal, Geraldine and David Holyoak. Encouraged to have already found a new species of snail in the region of Leiria in 2008, they decided to do a detailed study of the snails of the genus Candidula in Portugal. And that's how they discovered that a small snail living in the Serra da Arrábida was different from the other snails in Portugal - and that it only exists in this place.
However, Candidula arrabidensis is not the only snail in Arrábida. There is another, the Candidula setubalensis, which had been described in the nineteenth century by Louis Pfeiffer, a German physician and naturalist. Amongst many plants and mollusks which he described during his scientific expeditions to Europe and the West Indies, Louis Pfeiffer discovered this very special snail in the castle of Setubal itself, which, like Candidula arrabidensis, is less than a centimeter in diameter, but the shell is sculpted.

In recent times, biologists have gone to the field to study closely the two species of snails. They want to know their distribution area and their conservation status. "Species with limited distribution may be at greater risk of conservation," says Gonçalo Calado, one of the leaders of the project.

In:https://www.publico.pt/2015/12/23/ciencia/noticia/os-dois-caracois-que-so-existem-na-serra-da-arrabida-1718197

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".... Pedro Arsénio refers to another special feature of Arrábida: "In Portugal, there are approximately 45 to 55 different species of orchids, and in Arrábida there are 30 with a properly registered presence. It is expressive of the ecological value of the region. " The saw is a plant world and this dimension can not be forgotten. Despite human pressure, construction, quarrying and cement work, a few acres of forest testify to a pristine Arrábida, a capsule from time gone by and a living laboratory of evolution on a measurable scale.
The saw is a plant world and this dimension can not be forgotten.
Imagine yourself aboard a spacecraft orbiting the Earth and suppose it has the ability to retreat 250 million years. The available perspective would be of a uniform land mass that was surrounded by sea and with a giant bay - the Earth, then, was the supercontinent Pangeia, the unique ocean Pantalassa, with a huge bay - the sea of ​​Thetis.
Let's zoom in, zoom in on the current Iberia, but ... we can not find it.
It simply "does not exist," at least as we know it.
At that time, it was in the heart of the Pangeia and only the current Spanish southeast coast was bathed by the sea of ​​Thetis. In the following ages, the Earth was building its own history: Pangeia began to fracture, the continents formed and at the same time began to drift away and collide over millions of years. In these movements, "our" Iberia was sometimes attached to North Africa, others to Southern Europe."
In https://nationalgeographic.sapo.pt/natureza/grandes-reportagens/1416-arrabida-grande-angular-agosto2014?showall=1

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My place....

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Effect of the anthropogenic factors on the Arrbida's fauna and the effect of climate change on the Arrábida's natural vegetation. 

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Effect of the anthropogenic factors on the Arrbida's fauna and the effect of climate change on the Arrábida's natural vegetation. 

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The Arrábida Natural Park (PNA) was created by Decree-Law no. 622/76 of 28 July, with the aim of promoting the protection of energy values ​​and the development of economic activities in a self-sustaining way, since the Sierra the Arrábida organization is one of metropolitan metropolitan in Lisbon-Setúbal, where the chance to be more intensely demographic pressure and the consequences of urban and industrial growth, becoming, therefore, a privileged zone of the recreation and culture network to take into account non-physical organization of this region.
Serra da Arrábida presents a set of natural measures associated with risk phenomena and is subject to increasing human pressure. As it is, the occurrence of operations relating to the Human Being is inevitable. The representative characteristics of a saw environment, the slope is of particular importance. This, when combined with the availability of permits in the summer months, with the registration of higher values, common in the winter months, and with a cosmic nature of its erosive processes, justifies, respectively, eventual occurrences of forest fuels, landslides and falling blocks. The fire risk is the one that presents the most to a fauna and flora of the region.
With climatic changes that occur over time, the most intense and prolonged heat waves without time, shorter but more intense rain periods can contribute to the whole country becoming more severe, affecting the distribution of species, a special one, in particular culture, and information on origin, such as reservations and reservations. The increase in heat waves and the lack of water in harmful soils are still more out of risk and the disappearance of waves from protected areas

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Compare and evaluate my BioArea and the curse

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Compare and evaluate my BioArea and the curse

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I think that each student presented their BioArea in the best way, revealing commitment and dedication in the answers given to what was requested. I could not see all the posts so I do not consider that I am not in a position to make comparisons. Regarding my BioArea (Arrábida Natural Park - Serra da Arrábida) - I tried to show the other students my biodiversity hotspot. I loved having participated in this course, I learned a lot about biodiversity and climate change. The course is very well structured allowing us to learn at our pace and made available a very pertinent bibliography to deepen and consolidate some knowledge. When I enrolled in the course it was to learn and to acquire new knowledge about the subject of the course and I am happy to have reached my goals.