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I learned that a prion causes misfolding of other proteins and that can result in diseases of the brain. I leared what a viroid is made up of a single stranded RNA and it causes diseases in plants. I learned that vaccines are made from weakend pathogens. I also learned what gram negative and gram positive is in bacteria.

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I learned that there is no flu season because it happens all year. That Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria are composed of single-celled prokaryotes. Finally bacteria,viroids,and prions all cause infection.

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I learned that viruses are not alive. Vaccines are used to help fight off viruses because it allows the body to adapt it. The immune system learns how to fight it and build up immunity. Lytic infections instantly let the virus infect the body of the host. The attack the body when it is weak and vulnerable.

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Viruses and Bacteria Reportby: Rianna McGahee

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Viruses and Bacteria Reportby: Rianna McGahee

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1. I have learned that bacteria can cause one or multiple infections for all organisms. for example, bacteria can appear in raw, expired, and undercooked foods that will cause you to get sick and that's where the viruses come in.
2. Viruses is made out of either DNA or RNA and a protein coat, there are different kinds of viruses. for example, helical virus, polyhedral virus, etc. also there are multiple kinds of infections that can or cannot be cured by scientists and doctors and they can be part of two different cycle: Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle.
3. in conclusion, viruses and bacteria can cause any organism in any species to get sick or infected, if the infection or virus is not cured or treated, the organism/organisms will die from the spread of bacteria, viruses and infection.

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I learned about how viruses are disease causing agents. Also once you get a lysogenic infection, it lasts forever. A prion is made of only proteins, where a viroid is made of single stranded RNA. Prions cause disease such as mad cow disease, this caused a big problem in Europe between the 1900s.

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Viruses cause diseases. They’re called pathogens. They are non-living and reproduce only after it infects a host cell. Prions are made of only proteins and causes diseases in the brain. Genetic material in viruses differ from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Viroids are made of a single strand of RNA. They cause diseases in plants.

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Viruses are nonliving pathogens(disease causing agents) that are specific to the organisms they infect.
Viruses reproduce 2 ways: lytic cycle ( viral DNA forms plasmid host) and lysogenic cycle (viral DNA forms prophage).
Vaccines are made from weak pathogens and there are two ways in which these vaccines can be administered: live attenuated: virus weakened to simulate infection ,and inactivated: dead viruses injected.

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I learned that a prion is a virus that is only made of proteins and causes misfoldimg or other proteins. These prion viruses can result in brain diseases, such as mad cow disease. Additionally, I learned that lytic infections are caused by bacteriophage inserting its DNA into a host’s cell. This causes the host cell to produce more of the lytic virus. The end result is the host cell exploding from all the lyses and spreads to rest of cells in host’s body. Finally, I learned that RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into a host cell in order for it to reproduce more of the virus copies are called retroviruses

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I have learned a virus is a non-living pathogen smaller than a bacterium. Virus shapes identify what type of host cell the virus will infect. Most viruses are species specific. Viruses have two cycles the can go through to create more viruses, the Lytic infection process or the Lysogenic infection cycle. Vaccines for viruses are made from weakened pathogens and prepares the immune system to be attacked by the specific virus.

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I learned that viruses are nonliving. This is because they lack most characteristics of life, however there is still ongoing debate about it. I also learned that ANY disease causing agent is called a pathogen. Also, lysogenic viruses such as Mononucleosis, are lifelong, some can be treated, but not cured. Lastly, I learned that vaccines are made from weakened pathogens. The body learns to fight them in small amounts so if a virus is trying to infect, the body can fight it off.-Dylan Patton

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I have learned that viruses differ in size, shape and ways of entering host cells. I have also learned that an example of a enveloped virus is influenza. Another thing I have learned is viruses are specific in what they infect. I have also learned that the genetic material differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. And I also did not know that there is a lyctic infection and a lysogenic cycle.

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I have learned that viruses infect only a very specific kind of cell. A virus is a non living pathogen and can infect many organisms. Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living organisms. Most viruses are so small they can only be seen with a special microscope. Most viruses have proteins on their surface membrane which they use to trick the cell into taking in the virus. The simplest viruses contain only a few genes where as the most complex has hundreds of genes. Different virus shapes determine how the virus works and is how they identify the host cell.  There are three basic types of viral shapes: helical viruses have capsomeres that spiral around the nucleic acid, forming a tube-like structure; polyhedral viruses are roughly spherical, with a shape similar to a geodesic dome; and complex viruses have capsids of many different shapes. HIV is caused by RNA virus called human immunodeficiency virus, which belongs to a group of RNA viruses that are called retroviruses.

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I learned that viruses are a non-living pathogen that can cause infection. They’re different in the shape, size, and method of entering and infecting host cells. Some pierce host cells and others enter by endocytosis. The only way viruses can reproduce is after they infect host cells, and that viruses are specific in what they infect. For example: bacteriophages only infect bacteria.

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I have learned that viruses are made up of DNA or RNA and a protein cover. A viruse is an non-living pathogen and can be different shapes. Viruses are specific on what they infect and they can either have DNA or RNA. They can NEVER have both. You can’t take antibiotics for viruses like you can with bacterial infections. You can only take vaccines or weaken the viruse with medication, but if it’s an lytic infection it may enter the lysogentic cycle. For an example, the common cold is constantly changing and evolving so no medication can completely cure the cold but instead your body has to fight it off over time. That is with other serious viruses such as SARS, Influenza, Rabies, and HIV.

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I learned that viruses differ in shape, size, and in ways of entering the host cells, but they still have a simple structure. Their different shapes also play a role in how the viruses work, because it is how they identify their host cell. The three main shapes of a virus are an enveloped virus, a helical virus, and a polyhedral virus. Viruses are specific in what they infect and can only affect a limited range of hosts. Viruses can only reproduce after they have infected host cells.

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Viruses and Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they have no nucleus. But this main difference is that viruses are not considered living organisms according to the 8 qualifications for life. Viruses also cannot replicate by themselves, meaning they have to find a host to replicate. These parasitic cells can be good or can be bad. Viruses can have an immediate effect on the host cell (lytic), or they can wait until environmental conditions are favorable (lysogenic). Some have higher mutation rates than others, which prohibits the production of a vaccine for that virus.

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I learned that viruses are made up of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. A virus is a non living pathogen and can infect many organisms. Viruses they differ in shape and sizes. There are alot  of many different viruses. The different shapes of viruses plays a role on how viruses work. Viruses are specific in what they infect. Most viruses are species. Some viruses are deadly and they can go around in a cycle

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5 concepts of bacteria-Anna Claire Smith

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5 concepts of bacteria-Anna Claire Smith

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Bacteria can enter a cell in various ways. Eukaryotes mostly enter from endocytosis. Viruses are specific in what they infect and can only  reproduce after they infected host cells. And lysogenic cycle infection doesn’t infect the human immediately.

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I have learned that a virus is a type of pathogen that is made up of DNA, RNA, and a protein coat. The three shapes of a virus include the enveloped virus, the helical virus, and the polyhedral virus. The different vital shapes play a big role in how viruses work. It is how they identify their host cells. They will use a cell to multiply themselves and infect us. Viruses carry diseases and can be very harmful to us. -SarahPhoebe Cook

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5 Concepts I Learned about Viruses and Bacteria

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5 Concepts I Learned about Viruses and Bacteria

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By : Paige Andrews
1. Viruses are non-living
2. A prion causes diseases
3. Retroviruses mutate at a high rate and are prone to mutations (ex. HIV infections)
4. There are two types of vaccines, one with a weakened strand of the virus and one with the dead
5. Some viruses do not have vaccines because they mutate so rapidly that taking the time to make a vaccine would be useless and ineffective.

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I learned that a lysogenic infection is forever. HIV has no cure but instead medicine to calm or help with the side affects of the disease. Vaccines are made from pathogens. I did not know about Mad Cows disease until this until.

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I learned that viruses aren't really cells. They actually have their own "category". I also learned that viruses can't die (but they're not really alive so...). I also learned that vaccines are made of weakened pathogens (any disease-causing agent). These are released into the body so that the immune system can get used to certain viruses and build up immunity to them.

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I've learned that viruses like Swine Flu, Influenza, sinus headaches and stomach bugs can prevented and happen less often if you can be vaccinated before then. Viruses like Swine Flu and the common cold and other common viruses can be treated with being more physically healthy and as you get older get the vaccine required to prevent these viruses. Scientist are still trying to better prepare for viruses that'll evolve and be strong enough to be immune to the previous vaccine. With new chemical studies and improvement in medicines, scientists hopefully will be able to predict how and what to do to prevent the virus from even happening. -Justin Noble

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Viruses are disease causing agents, also called a pathogen. They are nonliving and can only reproduce after it infects a host cell. Genetic material in viruses differ from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prions are made of only proteins and cause diseases in the brain. Viroids are made of a single strand of RNA and causes diseases in plants.

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I learned that once you get a lysogenic infection you will have it forever. The largest virus is smaller than the smallest bacteria. The human gut contains 300-500 bacteria. Lysogenic infections are viruses but not all viruses are lysogenic.
-Mary Moak

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Viruses can be defined as a small infective agent that can come in your body and affect you in several different ways. An example of a virus is the flu. But, the flu is a unique type of virus. It evolves every single year, and people continue to get new and updated flu shots because of the new additions. The flu is very easy to treat, if the shot is effective for you.

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1. Viruses are not alive.
2. Lytic Infection- allows the virus to immediately effect the hosts' body.
3. Lysogenic Infection- hides out in the hosts' body until the host becomes weak. It then will strike. Until it strikes, it is reproducing in the cells.
4. Viruses are specific to what they infect. For example, bacteriophages only infect bacteria.
5. A prion is made of only proteins, where a viroid is made of single-stranded RNA. Prions causes diseases such as Mad Cow Disease, which caused a big problem in Europe between the late 1900's and the early 2000's. Viroids cause diseases in plants. These diseases pass through pollen and seeds.

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Archeabacteria loves harsh environments
Gram staining is used to differentiate between bacteria
Transduction is the transfer of genes through a virus

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I learned that HIV has no cure, yet. Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens. Also the Lysogenic cycle(When the Bacteriophage injects DNA into cell, then the Viral DNA forms prophage, also the Viral DNA replicates with host, then the Cell reproduces producing many copies of virus, and finally the Cell has dormant virus or may enter lytic cycle) and the Lytic cycle (When the Bacteriophage injects DNA into cell, then Viral DNA forms plasmid in host, it may enter lysogenic cycle, and then the host makes new virus, then finally the host explodes and starts spreading virus) Also all the different types of viruses (viroids, enveloped, helical, polyhedral, and retroviruses)
*Note: most of everything I got from the PowerPoint so...*

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Once you have a lysogenic infection, you have it forever.

You can get a Lystic infection over and over again, but it will never be exactly the same.

Viruses aren't always active immediately, they can remain dormant.

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I learned that viruses are not classifies as living things, although they interact with their environment and have genetic material. They are like some sort of UFO or vehicle that carries the dangerous package of a "hacked code", or mutated genetic material, that'll help the virus replicate and take over cells making you sick and making your body prepare to fight back. Its like a star wars space fight, viruses vs cells and the immune system. Viruses come in various different shapes and sizes. I also learned that anti-vaxx people (people who are against vaccinating their children) are stupid because vaccination is basically inserting a weak pathogen into the body to "train" the immune system to fight against it so it can prepare for future attacks, vaccines are tested and renewed every year and doctors make sure its safe before use. I also learned that there are two types of virus activation. One that activates ones its in the cell, and another that leaves its genetic material in the cell and waits for a trigger to activate it.

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5 concepts of Viruses and Bacteria By: Pierce Chaffee

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5 concepts of Viruses and Bacteria By: Pierce Chaffee

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Once you have a lysogenic infection, you have a lysogenic infection forever.
Lysogenic infections are viruses. But all viruses are not lysogenic. Tobacco mosaic virus is a single stranded RNA virus also called viroid. The infection causes mosaic-like mottling and discoloration. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus discovered in the late 19th century. It was the first pathogen identified as a virus.

HIV is a virus that may cause an infection,  is a condition. Over time, HIV can destroy so many cells that the body can’t fight off infections and diseases. HIV reduces the number of T cells in the body. This causes opportunistic infections to take over the immune system. Contracting HIV can lead to the development of  When the number of T cells falls below 200, you are considered to have .

Viruses are tinier than bacteria. The largest virus is smaller than the smallest bacteria. A virus has no cell structure and requires a cell to survive. Bacteria are alive and viruses can be living or nonliving. Infections by bacteria are usually cured by antibiotics.

Some bacteria are helpful and live in the gut. Scientists are learning how to use viruses in genetic engineering to help people. Bacteria live in-between cells, viruses live inside cells to change the host’s genetic material. Antibiotics cannot destroy viruses.

A human gut contains 300 to 500 different bacteria in the gut. While some bacteria are harmful to our health, many are very helpful and even necessary for our body. High fiber foods feed healthy bacteria that improve immune function, reduce inflammation and disease, and even regulate mood.

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Gram staining is used to differentiate between bacteria. A gram stain that is redish pinkish in color would be gram negative. If the gram stain is negative then the bacteria would have an extra outer membrane. A positive gram stain would appear purple. This means the cell wall is only peptidoglycan.

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These bacteria love harsh environments. They are normally obligates and need oxygen to survive. They are found near thermal vents under water, the Dead Sea, and also cows stomachs. These bacteria come in a wide variety of shapes and there are 3 groups. Methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.

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A group of prokaryotes that need oxygen to survive. Obligate = oxygen

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Transduction is the exchange of Gene's through a virus. This exchange does not require any cell-to-cell contact.

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I learned what the lysogenic cycle is and the steps to it, what a virus is and the different types, how each virus is specific to what they infect, that when vaccines are given the virus can either be live attenuated or inactive, and the genetic material in viruses in differ from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.

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There are two types of viruses. Lystic and Lysogenic
The common cold mutates a lot

Gavin Knox