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- according to how cognitively demanding an activity is
*if a student has previewed prior material, seeing illustrations, etc
- and according to how much context is provided
*how much deep, critical thinking is required

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His research regarding these powers is easily explained in this TED video: 

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His research regarding these powers is easily explained in this TED video: 

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The benefits of a bilingual brain - Mia Nacamulli

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Cummins also speaks very highly of the powers of the bilingual brain. 

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Cummins also speaks very highly of the powers of the bilingual brain. 

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- ELL students can acquire many languages when they are exposed to them in meaningful ways through social and academic interaction
- Increase in mental flexibility
- Increased adaptability to concept formation
- Enhanced control of specific parts of the brain... Isn't that neat???

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It's another acronym for his theory of Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency.
- This refers to the learning that takes place in the classroom that can take up to 10 years to develop.
-It involves the use of specific terminology and vocabulary in both the classroom and a general working environment
- Language acquisition focuses on honing analyzing, comparing, contrasting, and interacting skills.

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It's an acronym for his learning theory of Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills.

- these kinds of skills are used in everyday interactions with our peers
- Cummins theorized that these skills take 6 months to 2 years to fully develop for ELL students.

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- currently a professor at the the University of Toronto where he works on language development and literacy development of ELLs
- Developed BICS and CALP that are processes used by educators to determine a student's language ability
- He believed that being bilingual improves classroom learning
- He also proved that having a strong foundation in one's first language provides yet an even stronger foundation for second language acquisition... Wow!