# data[].attributes.body
started in 19th century, still happening today

women want to be treated equal to men

wanted to do things besides stay at home

women are more equal, still many things are not right

# data[].attributes.body
social classes were mad at each other, heard about the enlightenment and wanted change

series of overthrowing the spanish gov

countries were not united so it was hard

eventualy everyone became free and economicaly independant

# data[].attributes.body
ottoman empire was declining

educational, political, and economic reforms

empire declined and doesnt exist today

# data[].attributes.body
everyone was made at everyone else

slaves were treated really badly and wanted change

everyone wanted freedom from france

most successful slave revolt in history

showed the need for equality and an end to racism

# data[].attributes.body
the people were suffering and expressed their outrage through activists and a revolution

forced tsar to step down and soldiers deserted

death penalty was abolished

civil liberties were granted

bolsheviks took over the provincial gov

# data[].attributes.body
Nationalist party and communist party disagreed on how the country should be governed

communist party won and tried to improve agriculture and industries

# data[].attributes.body
king louis XVI demanded people pay higher taxes

severe drought

common people didnt have much say

spread of enlightenment thinking

ended the french monarchy

# data[].attributes.body
British raised american taxes bc they were losing money from fighting france and spain

America gained freedom west of the mississippi

# data[].attributes.body
original spanish - peninsualres
spanish born in america - creoles
mestizo - native woman and spanish man

# data[].attributes.body
Scientific revolution products were the most sought after products of european culture

More desired than christianity and western lit

Telescope was of much interest in europe, it spread, didn't have much interest in other places

China wanted european techniques

Chinese were more advanced in medicine

Did want mathematics

Japanese mainly closed themselves off, eventually lifted a ban on western books

Learning was isolated to the scholars

Ottoman empire was independent and powerful society

Saw no need for european knowledge

Theoretical science faced an uphill struggle w/ conservative Islamic education system

# data[].attributes.body
Power of knowledge to transform human society

Commitment to open-mindedness

Est. political and religious authority

Locke offered principles for constructing a constitutional government

Women's nature, education, and role in society was questioned

Cultural theme was progress

Human society is not fixed in traditions

Virtually a new religion

Witnessed a reaction against too much reliance on human reason

Minimized importance of child education, instead nature immersion

# data[].attributes.body
Before science, the views were those of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Medieval thinkers - earth was stationary, in ten crystal spheres

Went well with Catholicism - humans are center of universe and God's plan of salvation

Copernicus was the first to state earth was not the center HELIOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM

Kepler showed that planets moved in an elliptical motion

Galileo developed an improved telescope

Discovered sunspots, moons of Jupiter, many new stars

Newton was the culmination

Modern laws of motion and mechanics

Universal gravitation

Human reason alone concluded that the universe is not propelled by supernatural forces

Human body also lost some mystery

Careful dissections of cadavers and animals

Understand circulation of blood

Learned that the heart is a complex muscle

Women were excluded from universities of science

Scientific opposition from the catholic church

None of the early scientists rejected catholic faith

# data[].attributes.body
no higher education

civil service exam

# data[].attributes.body
patronized science

colleges were bad

# data[].attributes.body
legal system to support instiutions

emerging universities

acess to other info

# data[].attributes.body
Moved away from authority of the bible, Church, and ancient philosophers

Knowledge from observations, experiments, formulation of general laws

Cosmos was a big interest

Scientific thinking used to challenge social hierarchies and political systems

Used to legitimize racial and gender inequalities

Gave support to natural inferiority of women

Quickly became chief symbol of global modernity

# data[].attributes.body
catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines in response to reformation

Jesuits were created

main mission was education

went to asia

had little success

# data[].attributes.body
1517- martin luther

german priest

95 theses

quesioned the churches practices

believed:

bible alone

interpret your own faith

caused a massive skism

political, economical, socail tensions

kings used to gain independance

protestants were offended by the luxury of some bishops and the pope

veneration of mary and saints ended

bible spread - ML translated in to german

printing press

Huguenots = protestant minority in France

Catholics fought and killed Huguenots in France

30 years war - catholic-protestant struggle that spread to all of Europe

Government is intertwined with catholicisim so gov. have to reconfigure

15-30% of germans die from war, famine, violence, disease

North germany is extremely protestant, south was catholic

# data[].attributes.body
Roman catholics and eastern orthodox

muslims had control of the holy land

# data[].attributes.headline
Chp. 15 - Culteral Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.subject
Chp. 15 - Culteral Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.body
europe didn't present a military threat to asia

Japan

europe was hospitable to

shogun (Japan military leader) saw europe as a threat

forcefully removed missionaries

# data[].attributes.body
europe finally controlled spice trade

single new world formed

portugese wanted asian wealth and spices (cinamon, nutmeg, cloves, mace, pepper)

wanted jewels

taxed better, built better military, used gunpowder weapons

european products still weren't wanted

portugese wanted african gold

# data[].attributes.headline
Chp. 14 - Economic Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.subject
Chp. 14 - Economic Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.body
conquests

taken over

oaths of alliance

tribut paid in cash

furs from siberia

pressure to convert

influx of settlers

700,000

loss of hunting grounds

# data[].attributes.body
russian numbers dropped, still remained politically dominant

rich agriculteral lands

military expansion

russian nobles dressed as europeans

became an asian power

fell apart in 1991

# data[].attributes.headline
the steppes and siberia; making of russia

# data[].attributes.subject
the steppes and siberia; making of russia

# data[].attributes.body
remote, cold and forested

hunters, gatherers, herders

220,000 people 17th

fur bearing animals

# data[].attributes.body
"unpromising leftovers"

why - religious conflicts, business, new societies

british wanted to spread christianity

mass literacy - reading bible

democratic - became politcally stable, economically succesful, and internationaly powerful

# data[].attributes.body
went to british america

conditions were lesh harsh (still harsh)

sharply defined racial system

able to reproduce

# data[].attributes.body
sugar = big demand in europe

sugar is very labor intensive

very industrial

most of african slaves went here (80%)

not able to reproduce from harsh conditions

women worked in same conditions

# data[].attributes.body
abused and used as labor

pay tributes

forced to relocate

many converted to catholicism

took on spanish customs

able to get education and wealth

# data[].attributes.headline
Comparing colonial societies in the americas

# data[].attributes.subject
Comparing colonial societies in the americas

# data[].attributes.body
built churches and universities

agriculture became the economy

enomienda - protection and faith from the spanish

low wages, high taxes, large debts

women - less than men but important to men, weaving, making candles

men - artisans, clerks, officials, supervisors

# data[].attributes.body
wheet, rice, surgar cane, grapes, weeds came to americas

horses, pigs, cattle, sheep came to americas

had no predators

corn and potatos went to old world

caused a pop growth

corn, peanuts, sweet potatos went to china

corn went to africa

tobacco and chocolate went around the world

tea from china, coffee from india went around world

# data[].attributes.body
Spainish - caribbean
protugese - brazil

# data[].attributes.body
labor shortage = room for immagrants

new societies replaced cultures

diffusion of plants and animals

reshaped world economy

connects four continents

europeans domintated

scientific and industrial revolutionin europe

# data[].attributes.body
dutch and british took over after protugese

used violence for control

monopolies and war power

english set up in India (bombay, calcutta, madras)

eventually colonized

biggest cotton resource

# data[].attributes.body
Phillipines

colonial rule

close to china and spice islands

small and militarily week socities

lack of competing powers

bring catholicism

chinese and spanish didn't get along

# data[].attributes.body
trading post empire

used force for control

tried to control spice trade - only got about 1/2

sold asian goods and shipping services

steeop decline in 16002

# data[].attributes.body
american food - potato, manioc, maize, peanuts

pop boom

also had massive displacement

women - egypt harems

men - atlantic slave trade

women got more leadership positions

16 million taken out

# data[].attributes.body
warm clothes

soft gold

north america and canada

natives did most of the work

fur bearing animals diminished

europeans traded w/ native americans

NA became westernized

dieseases spread

brandy and whisky also spread

more violence

# data[].attributes.body
potosi in spanish teritory

south america

originally looking for gold

found silver

minned 150,000 tons

90-95% chance of death working in mines

manditory for certain natives to work

african slaves couldn't work bc lung capcity wasn't good enough

all the silver ended up in china

china became very wealthy

# data[].attributes.body
limited amount of wealth, we must get it all

colonies

source for raw materials

market to sell finished materials

countries compete for prestige for discovery and trade

laws put into place aobut buying and sellin

# data[].attributes.headline
Chp. 13 - Political Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.subject
Chp. 13 - Political Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.body
europe learned to tax better

makes lot of money

large empires

pays for trade

grow military

European goods not wanted in the east

had to buy goods in cash

needed precious metals

# data[].attributes.body
great dying
smallpox, flu
Natives died rappidly - no immunity to european diesease
europe closer than asia to americas
more competitive than asia
had guns, steel, germs

# data[].attributes.headline
Chp. 13 - Political Transformations (1450-1750) (scroll left and down)

# data[].attributes.subject
Chp. 13 - Political Transformations (1450-1750) (scroll left and down)

# data[].attributes.body
Andes Mountains

1o million people

large army that conquered others

emperor is divine

gender parallelism

m and f priests

m and f officails

# data[].attributes.body
Mexica People

5-6 million people

meso-america

used conquered for human sacrifice

used warfare

trade very important

1325, Lake Texcoco

tripel alliance

# data[].attributes.body
art, lit, religion

competitive states

more taxation

more war

# data[].attributes.body
Portugaul

Christopher Columbus

Vasco da Gama

wealth and christians

oversea expansion

# data[].attributes.body
Yongle - emperor

28 years, 6 expiditions

SE asia, inodnesia, india, Arabia, East Africa

Zheng He

power and prestige

yongle died = expiditions died

china didn't need to trade for anything - they already had eveything in empire

# data[].attributes.body
disrupted by Mongol rule

culturaly looking back

civil service examination system

trade flourished

# data[].attributes.body
agriculture in NY

warfare

league of the five nations

women

owned property

repsected

# data[].attributes.body
women were equal

liked freedom and didn't give in to larger states

no kings

missionaries and slave trade took over

# data[].attributes.body
hunter gatherers

resisted agriculture

agriculture

steady food supply

new jobs

society can grow

# data[].attributes.headline
Chp. 12 - The Worlds of the 15th Century

# data[].attributes.subject
Chp. 12 - The Worlds of the 15th Century