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Characterization in literature is the process authors use to develop characters and create images of the characters for the audience. There are two different approaches to characterization, including direct characterization and indirect characterization. With the direct approach, the author tells us what he or she wants us to know about the character. With indirect characterization, the author shows us things about the character to help us have an understanding of the character's personality and effect on other characters.

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Characterization in literature is the process authors use to develop characters and create images of the characters for the audience. There are two different approaches to characterization, including direct characterization and indirect characterization. With the direct approach, the author tells us what he or she wants us to know about the character. With indirect characterization, the author shows us things about the character to help us have an understanding of the character's personality and effect on other characters.

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An acronym, PAIRS, can help you recall the five methods of characterization: physical description, action, inner thoughts, reactions, and speech.
Physical description - the character's physical appearance is described.
Action/attitude/behavior - What the character does tells us a lot about him/her, as well as how the character behaves and his or her attitude.
Inner thoughts - What the character thinks reveals things about the character. We discover things about their personalities and feelings, which sometimes helps us understand the character's actions.
Reactions - Effect on others or what the other characters say and feel about this character. We learn about the relationships among the characters.
Speech - What the character says and how.

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Comedy is a literary genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having a cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by creating comic effects, resulting in a happy or successful conclusion.
The purpose of comedy is to amuse the audience. Comedy has multiple sub-genres depending upon the source of the humor, context in which an author delivers dialogues, and delivery methods, which include farce, satire, and burlesque.

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Novel and short story

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Foot: the union of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry

Metre:The number of feet used in a line.

Rhyme: It is the repetition of the same or similar sounds in two or more words.The rhyme schemes in sonnets are ABBAABBA  and CDECDE- CDCCDC

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Tragedy

Branch of drama that treats the sorrowful events encountered or caused by a heroic individual.

Miracle plays. Mystery plays.

Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus.

Greek and Shakespearean tragedies.

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Stanza: POETRY

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Russian formalists had made a distinction between the fabula, the elemental materials of a story—and the syuzhet.
The fabula is always chronological, moving from beginning to end.

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Costumes: a particular style of clothing worn to portray the wearer as a character or type of character.
Lighting: theatre stage lighting is designed to make the stage performance visible to the audience, and reinforce the overall dramatic impact of the production.
Scenery: is that which is used as a setting for a theatrical production. It may be just about anything
Sound: It can be useful in creating an atmosphere or mood. Sound in theatre can include musical underscoring, vocal and instrument mixing as well as theatrical sound effects.

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Dr  Jekyll and Mr Hyde (melina)
-identity
-science
- repression

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7 Things every play must have:
1.Inciting incident
2.Protagonist
3.Antagonist
4.A beginning
5.A middle/the journey
6.Climax
7.An end

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Dramatic irony and comic relief : DRAMA

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Big brother, dystopia, oppressions

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The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

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The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

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Doppelganger
Victorian times
Secrecy
Brotherhood

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20s, wealth, murder

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Paralysis, depression, escape

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A Streetcar Named Desire
Tradition vs Change
Desire
Fantasy

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Frankenstein - 1818
Mary Shelley
GODLY POWER
MONSTER
SCIENCE

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Frankenstein (Max and Ali)
Death
Freedom
Rejection

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Murder
Winter
Whodunnit

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Language - Violence - Ludovico treatment

(Sofi and Andre)

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Loyalty - Fame - Bravery

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The analysis of a literary work, unlike that of a chemical compound or mathematical equation, often engages the subjective interpretation of the reader. For centuries, scholars, academics and critics have fought over the terms and methods of literary analysis. These divergent views have resulted in the founding of several famous schools of thought, fifteen of which are summarized here.

American Pragmatism:

Responding to the European model of Scientific Empiricism and Rationalism championed by Kant, Descartes and Locke, the Pragmatic school was the first American contribution to philosophy. Led by the philosopher / psychologist William James and writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American pragmatics valued the importance of gaining knowledge through experience rather than intuition.

Russian Formalism:

One of the first schools of literary theory to attempt to systematize literary analysis, specifically by drawing a line between â€œartâ€ and â€œnot artâ€ and coming up with a precise definition of literature, Russian formalism paved the way for the American New Criticism and Structuralist movements with its scientific, detached approach to literary analysis. Boris Eichenbaum was one of its most outspoken advocates and prominent theorists.

Marxism:

Besides founding a political party and societal philosophy, Marxâ€™s groundbreaking criticism of social institutions led to the Marxist school of literary analysis, which interpreted works of literature based on class relations, social conflict, and other ideological issues. French Marxist theorist Louis Althusser is perhaps the most well known proponent of the Marxist school. One of his most important contributions was the concept of â€œinterpellationâ€ as the means by which individuals are turned into capitalist subjects.

Psychoanalysis:

Whereas the Marxists borrowed theories and terms from political philosophy, the school of psychoanalytic literary theory turned instead to psychologist Sigmund Freud and his method of treating patients afflicted with neuroses. Taking cues from his seminal The Interpretation of Dreams, and writings on neuroses and the unconscious mind, psychoanalytic interpretations attempt to decode the psyche of the author by inferring the psychological states of the characters and symbolism in the text.

New Criticism:

Led by poet/author T.S. Eliot and critic Cleanth Brooks (whose book The Well Wrought Urn is said to have begun the movement), the New Critical school pioneered â€œ close reading,â€ or paying close attention to the formal aspects of the text rather than its emotional impact on the reader or the authorâ€™s own aims (termed the â€œpathetic fallacyâ€ and â€œintentional fallacy,â€ respectively, and avoided like the plague). The focus on the objective structural relationships within the work influenced the later schools of structuralism, post-structuralism and deconstruction.

Structuralism:

As the name implies, the core idea of structuralism is that that the underlying structural relationships of a text are deeply intertwined with the workâ€™s deeper meaning. To understand a work, one must therefore take it apart piece by piece in order to see its underlying principles. Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure wrote specifically about how the signifier-signified relationship creates meaning in language. Post-structuralist and post-modernist critics however later rejected the idea that one can systematically study the structure of a literary work.

Deconstruction:

As described by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967 essay "Of Grammatology," deconstruction is the rigorous analysis of a workâ€™s logical structures with the goal of uncovering key contradictions or oppositions which subvert the logical coherence of the entire work, therefore rendering a single interpretation of a work impossible. The complex nature of deconstruction often fails to translate well into non-academic circles; the term â€œdeconstructionâ€ is often used as a catch-all term basically equivalent to â€œanalysisâ€ despite having a much more specific meaning.

Post-modernism:

Although you'll often hear that the only constant in post-modernist theory is that no one can agree on its definition, most agree that it came into existence mid-way through the 20th century as a reaction to the " post-modern condition." Post-modernity is defined by the lack of a unifying "master narrative," which leads to works with multiple disagreeing narrators, or " meta-narratives "-stories about the telling of a story.

Post-Structuralism:

With post-modernist works and critics questioning the assumption that structural relationships can be fruitfully studied, it was inevitable that the deathblow to structuralism was on the way. Derrida's paper, "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences," undermined the idea of a stable signifier-signified relationship in a post-modern world, where God no longer exists as a Transcendental Signified. Roland Barthes' "The Death of the Author" similarly demolished the once-stable relationship between author, narrator and character.

Post-colonialism:

Shortly after the upheaval caused by post-modernism to traditional methods of literary interpretation, Edward Said's critique of Western Imperialism and its cultural ramifications in his book " Orientalism " gave birth to post-colonial criticism. The principal aim of post-colonial literary studies is to examine how the exploitation of indigenous civilizations by the Western imperial powers (mainly the US and UK) affected the literature from both the colonizing and the colonized nations.

Feminist Theory:

Taking a cue from post-colonial studies about the effects of inequality and second-citizen status on artistic output, the feminist school of literary theory examines the consequences of the social construction of gender in literary works, and the role gender plays in the writing, reading and interpreting of literature. Virginia Woolf's " A Room of One's Own," which explains the necessary prerequisites for an independent woman to produce good writing, is one of the earliest examples of feminist criticism.

Queer Theory:

One of the newest schools of literary theory, queer theory branched off of feminist theory in its examination of gender roles, replacing the masculine/feminine dichotomy with a continuum featuring 100% masculine at one extreme and 100% feminine at the other, and including every value in between. Michel Foucault was one of the first authors to explore the many faces of sexuality in his four-part work "The History of Sexuality."

New Historicism:

Founded by Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt, New Historicist critics attempted to bring back historical and anthopological approaches that had been discarded by Russian Formalist and American New Critics nearly a century earlier. New Historicist critics examine primary source materials (such as political treatises and newspaper articles written at the time of the work's publication) and prevailing social mores and political ideologies to infer the societal elements that may have influenced the author in the creation of the work.

Cultural Studies:

Like New Historicist critics, Cultural critics examine the sociocultural context in which a work was written in order to understand influences and meanings invisible from a non-contextualized reading. Cultural critics separate themselves from New Historicists by going to the opposite extreme of the New Criticists: rather than finding a middle ground, they argue that a work must be interpreted entirely as a function of the culture that produced it. This leads to critical readings of Star Trek alongside reiews of Ulysses and other interesting juxtapositions-the distinction between high art and low art no longer applies.

Reader Response:

Reader Response critics reject one of the central tenets of the New Critical school that dominated American literary theory for decades. They claim that the reader's intellectual and emotional reaction to the work is as ripe for anaylsis as the text itself. The reader's interpretation of the text is influenced by his or her personal background, and thus reading is not a passive experience of objective reality but an active interaction between reader and author through the medium of the written word. Reader response critics such as Louise Rosenblatt investigate the elements that are involved in this crucial interaction.

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The analysis of a literary work, unlike that of a chemical compound or mathematical equation, often engages the subjective interpretation of the reader. For centuries, scholars, academics and critics have fought over the terms and methods of literary analysis. These divergent views have resulted in the founding of several famous schools of thought, fifteen of which are summarized here.

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Do  you associate these concepts with poetry, drama or narratives like novels and short stories? Use the right colour to include them in the padlet and comment on them.

1. Fabula Sofia

2. Well-made play Andrea

3. Sjuzet Solana

4. Scenery, costumes, lighting, sound Agustin

5. Free indirect style Melina

6. Tragedy Maxi

7. Interior monologue Alina

8. Stanza Juliana

9. Comedy Angie

10. Foot, metre and rhyme Bianca A

11. Focalisation Rosario

12. Dramatic irony and comic relief Gianna

13. Unities Cecilia

14. Characterisation techniques Bianca R

15. Sonnet Brenda