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Who: Confederate soldiers vs. Union soldiers
What: Battles of the Civil War
Where: Most battles were fought in or near the Southern states or the border states (such as West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri), giving the Confederates an advantage in knowledge of the territories.
Why: The battles were fought to eliminate the debate over slavery and attempt to piece the country together again.
When: In the mid to late 1800s
How: A battle was over when a side waved a white flag to surrender, making the opponent that didn't surrender victorious.

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Below is an online Sketch Notes I created that highlightes the key information about the Battle of Shiloh.

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I find the name of this event to be an oxymoron. The term 'civil,' meaning peaceful and calm, contradicts the noun it describes (war) for the effect of a 'peaceful war.' It's really paradoxical, if you think about it.

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The war is rougher than ever. We may have the South overpowered greatly in numbers, but the Confederates actually know how to fight. The union's finest businessmen don't have much of a chance against the farmers and workers they have. I've seen more blood these past two months than I have in my whole life combined. We lose hundreds of men in each battle, not to mention the thousands that get injured. It's terrifying and gruesome, you can see why I'm not exactly elated to live in this reality. I deeply regret joining the war, it's not worth it to me. The blasted Southerns can live however they want, I can't stand this constant chasing game. At least the Confederate soldiers have a purpose, they're filled with enmity and rage because we're trying to usurp their way of living. We're fighting for mere morals, while they battle with sheer motivation and purpose. I fear we will not be victorious, but the cruel ways of slavery mustn't go on unchallenged.

I hope you'll keep me in your prayers as you are in mine.
Love from the war,
John Williams

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North:
Pros: more people, industrialism, Lincoln battle strategy, emancipation proclamation, good military leaders, railroads, controlled navy
Cons: fighting in South (supply lines, unfamiliar territory)

South:
Pros: good generals, defending is easier than attacking, familiar territory, farmers fight better, wealthy (cotton $)
Cons: small population

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When adding new states to the country, the struggle was in determining whether it would be a slave state or a free state. On more than one occasion, it was chosen that a state's popular sovereignty would decide it's level of freedom. This two-word phrase leaves important decisions up to the popular majority of an area. For instance, if 76% of a state wanted to abolish slavery, the state would be considered a free state. Below is a graphic I created compiling a few pros and cons of popular sovereignty.

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Without slavery, the economy of the South would likely take a nosedive. Lincoln's election in 1860 is the last straw for the South.

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Temporary solutions are attempted
Like putting our nation together with glue.
The real issues are simply neglected,
Our nearly broken nation filled with politics.
The leaders argue and battle
But it only splits us further.
In a nation divided they're forced to pick sides,
How do you choose when neither is right?

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Slaves were forced to do hard work with harsh living conditions. There were many factors that influenced the way slaves were treated, such as where in the South they lived. The 'deep South' was where slaves were most brutally treated. Marriages between slaves had to be approved by their omnipotent masters, though the relationships were never considered legal. Families seldom remained united for long as the slave market constantly ripped these African Americans from their families.

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From 1845-1849, Ireland experienced a potato plant failure due to crop disease. Potato farming was Ireland's central food source at the time, so the potato drought caused a terrible mass starvation throughout the country. It resulted in 1 million deaths, while almost another million Irish people migrated to the US to escape the famine. The Irish immigrants faced terrible conditions and several hardships in their new life in America.

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The Industrial Revolution helped the Northern US Economy grow rapidly. Manufacturing became both popular and incredibly useful around this time for mass producing products. Factories had terrible conditions and employees consisted mainly of poorly treated children.

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To transport weapons, soldiers, telegraphs, crops and products, the North built many roads, had a well-working railroad system, and had a fast river travel system. The Erie Canal was built as a primary way of transporting goods and people.

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The differences between the Northern and Southern parts of the US were the beginnings of pre-war. Slavery in the South and freedom in the North made for disagreements over the state of freedom in new states. Antebellum, meaning "occurring or existing before a war," describes this situation because the conflicts between the North and the South led up to the war.

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Children of young ages provided factory owners with cheap help, which heightened production and profit. Most parents had little say in their children working these hard long hours since they were desperate for income. Though owners justified the children's work by saying that it helped the economy and was character building, conditions in factories were disturbingly awful. They were expected to work days as long as 12-19 hours with little to no breaks. Noncompliance, tardies, subterfuges and unsatisfactory amounts of work were punished by physical violence and extra work. Critical injuries were outrageously common and those subject to these injustices were not assisted in any way. Below is a help wanted/warning poster for factory workers that I created on Canva.

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Many women led a movement to end alcohol abuse. Alcohol was considered to be morally wrong and seemed to be connected to domestic violence. The making, selling, and transporting was eventually banned in the constitution in 1919. This prohibition eventually led to the illegal production and smuggling of alcohol, which was much worse than before the movement. The prohibition was repealed in 1933.

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Women could not vote, serve on juries, attend college, go into fields like medicine and law, and had limited rights in owning land. Major leaders of this movement included Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott.

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People called abolitionists were working hard to stop slavery across the US. They used forms like newspapers, speeches, and other art forms to spread their message.

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It seems that no matter the laws and agreements
Women will always be second best.
It's a mental association with weakness that challenges our equality.
It's lessened salaries and condescending tones,
It's never being treated seriously,
And being expected to do and like certain things.
It's having to constantly and diligently prove your worth,
Trying desperately to show them all that you can do it just as good as a man.
Why does gender have a say in your value?
Why, why do they assume you're not good enough?

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Many Americans were illiterate since poorer families could not afford to send children to school. Horace Mann created colleges to train teachers to teach students. Curriculum was created at this time and lesson plans were made. School systems did still have some issues with painful and humiliating punishment.

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Prisons were unheated cinder block squares that held criminals, debtors, and mentally ill people. Dorthea Dix led a reform to improve upon the prison quality and separate the mentally ill from prisoners. Those considered "mentally ill" were sent to asylums.

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Thoreau's writing was unique and somewhat revolutionary for his time. His work reflected and embraced his emotions- negative ones like sadness, anger, and fear, and positive emotions like joy. His expression of emotions was new for his time, since men showing emotion was not the social norm. This poem about finding happiness uses a simile to compare happiness to a butterfly. He writes of how, when you desperately search for happiness, you're less likely to receive it. When you stop focusing on it, happiness might come to you, like a butterfly.

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Many authors, poets, painters, musicians, and philosophers of this time took the many new reforms as an opportunity to create work that inspired women to be independent and themselves, to inspire men to embrace emotions, or to promote civil disobedience and rebellious actions.

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Most Americans thought that they had a destiny that was predecided, so none of their life's actions mattered. Around this time, the new idea that people's free will and actions will affect where they end up (Heaven or Hell). This contradicted people's freedom of religion.

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Americans felt that it was morally wrong to exclude certain types of people from rights. They heard messages from preachers and wanted to better please God, so reform began.