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Alternative Names: phylloquinone, menapquinone, menadione.

food sources:Milk,leafy greens,lettuce,brussel sprouts,cabbage,spinach liver,coiliflower,meat ,eggs

Functional roles:synthesis of blood clotting and bone proteins

RDI or AI
AI-men 70ug    AI-women 60ug

no upper level

stability: very sensitive ti light

Deficiency: hemorrhaging
toxicity Symptoms:

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Alternative names:
phylloquinone, melaquinone, menadinone
Food sources:

Functional roles
synthesis of blood clotting and bone proteins
RDI or AI
AI - men 70 ug/d Women: 60ug/d
Upper level:
no upper level of intake set
Stability:

Deficiency:

Toxicity symptons:

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ALTERNATIVE NAMES: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta-carotene (plant version)

FOOD SOURCES:

Cod liver oil.

Eggs.

Fortified breakfast cereals.

Fortified skim milk.

Orange and yellow vegetables and fruits.

FUNCTIONAL ROLES:
-maintaining vision
-promoting growth development
-protecting epithelium

RDI
900 mcg for men
700 mcg per day women

UPPER LEVEL
3,000 mcg

STABILITY

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Alternative name:
Retinol, retinal & retinoic acid
precursor: beta-carotene
Functional Role:
- promoting vision
- healthy epithelial cells (important for muscous cells)
- growth (important for tissues, skin & bones)
- participating in protein synthesis & cell differentation
RDI/AI:
- men: 900ug/day
- women: 700ug/day
UL:
3000ug/day
Food sources:
- beef liver
- sweet potato
- carrots
- fortified cereal
- fortified milk

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Alternative names:
Food sources: sweet potato, carrot, eggs

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Alternative names:

Food sources:

Functional roles

RDI or AI

Upper level:

Stability:

Deficiency:

Toxicity symptons:

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( Other name: Alpha-tocopherol)
- Absorb in lymph first then go to blood
- Require protein carrier

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Alternative names:
- Alpha-tocopherol
Food sources:
- Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine)
- Leafy green vegetables
- Wheat germ
-  Liver and egg yolks

- Nuts and seeds
Function and Roles:
- A fat soluble antioxidant
stops the chain of free radicals/producing more free radicals
Stability: Sensitive to heat and oxygen, therefore fresh-food sources preferable
Adequate Intake:
- Men: 10 mg/day
- Women: 7 mg/day
- Upper level: 300 mg/day
Deficiency:
- Erythrocyte haemolysis (haemolytic anaemia):
- Loss of muscle coordination and reflexs
- Imapured vision and speeach (nerve damage)
Toxicity:
- Rare and least toxic of fat soluble
High doses = augment effects of anticolotting medication

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Names: phylloquinone, menapquinone, menadione.
Role: synthesis of blood clotting and bone proteins.
Adequate intake:
- men: 70 micrograms
-women: 60 micrograms
No upper level of intake
Human needs are met through the action of intestinal bacteria via vitamin K.

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Alternative name
- Alpha-tocopherol
Food sources
- Leafy Green vegetables
- Wholegrain foods
- Nuts and Seeds
- Wheat
- Egg yolks
Function & Role
- Its function and role is as an antioxidant (prevents/ slows down damage to cells)
- It can also boost ones immune system, preventing clots from forming in arteries
Adequate Intake
- For men it is 10 mg/day
- For women its 7mg/day
Upper Level
- 300 mg/day
Stability
-

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Food Sources:
Milk, Leafy greens, lettuce, Brussel sprouts, cabbages, spinach, liver. broccoli, cauliflower, meat, eggs,
Function of the Vitamin:
synthesis of blood clotting proteins, metabolism of bone protein, prevent haemorrhagic disease
Adequate Intake:
For 9-18 yo both boys and girls need to consume 45-55 micrograms. For adult men its 70 micrograms, and 60 micrograms for women.
Upper Level:
There is no upper level of intake for this vitamin as no toxicity symptoms have been found.
Alternative Names:
Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione
Stability:
Is very sensitive to light

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Also known as retinol, retinal & retinoic acid. All 3 are needed in the body.
Beta-carotene is the precursor - it can be converted into Vit A.
3 main functions:
- sight (retinal imp. for retina cells of the eye)
- healthy epithelial cells (imp. for mucous cells of the stomach)
- growth (imp. for skin, bones, tissues)
RDI: men 900 ug/day
women 700 ug/day
UL: 3000 ug/day
Deficiency symptoms:
- nigh blindness
- impaired immunity
- keratinisation of the skin
Disease: hypovitaminosis A
Toxicity: hypervitaminosis A
B-carotene excess leads to discoloration of the skin (orange color).
Food sources:
- plants: orange fruits & veggies, leafy greens
- animal sources: liver, butter, margarine and eggs

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Food source:
oily fish e.g (salmon)
red meat
liver
egg yolk
fortified breads
breakfast cereals

Functional role:
Maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphate
aids on the absorption of calcium, help to to form and maintain strong bones

Deficiency symptoms:
Fatigue
shortness of breathe
dizziness
pale yellowy skin
irregular heart beat
weight loss
numbness in hands and feet
muscle weakness

Toxicity symptoms:
build up of calcium in blood [hypercalcemia]
nausea, vomiting and frequent urination.
If left untreated it can lead to kidney problems from the formation of calcium stones

Stability: stable in heat but slightly sensitive to light

AI:
men
19-30 yr | 5.0 µg /day
31-50 yr | 5.0 µg /day
51-70 yr | 10.0 µg /day

Upper level:
80ug/day

Alternative names:
Disdrol
Calciferol
Cholecalciferol

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Alternative Names:
Calciferol
1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Calcitriol
D3: Cholecalciferol
D2: Ergocalciferol

Food Sources:
Synthesised with help of sunlight
Fortified milk, margarine & butter
Veal
Beef
Egg Yolk
Liver
Fatty fish

Function/Role(s):
Mineralisation of bones; raises blood calcium & phosphorus by increasing absorption from GI tract, withdrawing CA from bones & stimulating retention by kidneys.

Adequate Intake:
Adults 19-50 years: 5ug/day
Adults 51-70 years: 10ug/day
Adults 70+ years: 15ug/day

Upper Level:
80ug/day

Stability:
Vitamin D is stable in heat and doesn't need to be refrigerated. However, it is slightly sensitive to light.

Deficiency Symptoms:
Rickets in children: Inadequate calcification resulting in misshapen bones.
Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis in adults: loss of calcium causing soft, brittle bones. Progressive weakness, pelvic pain, lower back & leg pain.

Toxicity Symptoms:
Can cause the disease Hypervitaminosis D. Can also cause elevated blood calcium and calcification of soft tissues.

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VITAMIN A -------------- Alternative names – retinol / retinal / retinoic acid.                                        Food sources – animal products – liver / fish/ fish liver oils/ milk (lost when skimmed)/ milk products/ eggs Functional role/s- -	Vision – conversion of light energy into nerve impulses in the retina -	-	  Protein synthesis – maintain health of epithelial tissue, mucus membrane and skin-	-	Reproduction and growth- sperm and development of baby during pregnancy -	RDI or Al                     – male : 900ug/day // female 700ug/day Upper level                 – adults 3000ug re / day                  Stability – stable among alkaline solutions, sensitive to atmospheric oxygen with the alcohol form being less stable than the esters .       Deficiency symptoms – hypovitaminosis A – impaired immunity, night blindness, keratinisation (change in epithelial cells)                Toxicity symptoms    - hypervitaminosis A- liver abnormality, weak bones, osteoporosis,  blurred vision, headache, nausea, vertigo, pressure in skull, headaches.           

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VITAMIN A -------------- Alternative names – retinol / retinal / retinoic acid.                                        Food sources – animal products – liver / fish/ fish liver oils/ milk (lost when skimmed)/ milk products/ eggs Functional role/s- -	Vision – conversion of light energy into nerve impulses in the retina -	-	  Protein synthesis – maintain health of epithelial tissue, mucus membrane and skin-	-	Reproduction and growth- sperm and development of baby during pregnancy -	RDI or Al                     – male : 900ug/day // female 700ug/day Upper level                 – adults 3000ug re / day                  Stability – stable among alkaline solutions, sensitive to atmospheric oxygen with the alcohol form being less stable than the esters .       Deficiency symptoms – hypovitaminosis A – impaired immunity, night blindness, keratinisation (change in epithelial cells)                Toxicity symptoms    - hypervitaminosis A- liver abnormality, weak bones, osteoporosis,  blurred vision, headache, nausea, vertigo, pressure in skull, headaches.           

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Alternative names:

Precursor; Beta-carotene

3 different types of Vitamin A:

Retinol

Retinal

Retinoic acid

Food sources:

Commonly found in food derived from animals

Liver

fish liver oils

milk

milk products i.e. butter

Eggs

Vitamin A is lost when milk is skimmed as is fat soluble vitamin

Reduced-fat, low-fat and fat-free milks are fortified with vitamin A

Plants contain no retinoids but many contain its precursor carotenoids

Functional role/s:
Roles:

Influences over 500 genes and main roles include:

-          Promoting vision

-          Participating in protein synthesis and cell differentiation

-          Maintaining health of epithelial tissues, mucous membranes and skin

-          Supporting reproduction and growth

-          Assists with bone and tooth growth

-          Assists with immunity

Each vitamin A has specific roles:

-          Retinol supports reproduction and is major transport and storage of Vitamin A

-          Retinal promotes vision and assists with conversion of retinol to retinoic acid

-          Retinoic acid regulates cell differentiation, growth and embryonic development

RDI or AI:

Men = 900ug per day

Women = 700ug per day

Upper level for adults: 3000 μg RE/day.

•Toxicity is often associated with abuse of supplements.

• Status depends on stores (90% in liver) and protein status

• (Retinol binding protein transports Vit A in the blood)

Vitamin A is relatively stable in alkaline solutions. Vitamin A is sensitive to atmospheric oxygen with the alcohol form being less stable than the esters. The decomposition is catalysed by the presence of trace minerals.

Deficiency symptoms:

Deficiency disease = Hypovitaminosis A – Impaired immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases.
– Night blindness.
– Blindness (Xerophthalmia).
– Keratinisation – changes in epithelial cells results in keratinisation, rough, dry and scaly skin.

Toxicity symptoms:

Toxicity disease = Hypervitaminosis A.
– Chronic toxicity symptoms = liver abnormalities, weakened bones contributing to osteoporosis, cause birth defects – Acute toxicity symptoms = blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches and pressure in the skull.
– Vitamin A toxicity
– can occur with concentrated amounts of the preformed vitamin A (not Betacarotene) from animal foods, fortified foods or supplements

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Alternative Name(s): Alpha-tocopherol
Food Sources:
- Polyunsaturated plant oils such as margarine, salad dressings and shortenings.

- Leafy green vegetables.

- Wheat germ.

- Wholegrain foods.

- Liver and egg yolks.

- Nuts and seeds.

Function(s)/Role(s): As an anti-oxidant;   scavenging loose electrons—so-called “free radicals”—that can damage cells.  also enhances immune function and prevents clots from forming in heart arteries
Adequate Intake:  men: 10 mg/day; women: 7 mg/day.
Upper Level: 300 mg/day
Stability:  Sensitive to heat and oxygen
Deficiency: Erythrocytehaemolysis (Haemolyticanaemia):

– Occurs in premature infants. – Can be treated with vitamin E.

Symptoms:

– Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes.
– Impaired vision and speech, nerve damage.

Toxicity*:  Rare and the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins.
Extremely high doses may augment the effects of anti-clotting medication hemorrhage.
*Note that the upper limit is >30 times the RDI (300 mg/day).

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Phylloquinone, Menaquinone and menadione
Food sources: Milk, leafy greens (spinach, lettuce, brussel sprouts and cabbage), liver
Functional role/s: Synthesis of blood clotting proteins, Prevents hemorrhagic disease, metabolism of bone protein (osteocalcin).
AI: Men 70micrograms / day
Women: 60micrograms / day
Upper level: none
Stability: stable at room temperature, sensitive to light
Deficiency symptoms: haemorrhaging,
Toxicity symptoms: None known, however high doses can decrease the effectiveness of anti clotting medications such as warfarin.

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(α-tocopherol Equiv.): men: 10 mg /d; women: 7
mg/d.

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Alternative names:
Vitamin D2- Ergocalciferol
Vitamin D3- Cholecalciferol
Food sources:
Red Meat
Liver
Egg Yolks
Functional role/s: To maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus, helps absorption of calcium which ultimately promotes stronger and healthier bones
RDI or AI:
5 ug 19-50 year olds
10 ug 51-70 year olds
15 ug >70 year olds
Upper level: 80ug for adults
Stability: Stable in heat, does not need to be refrigerated, sensitive to light, however freezing vitamin D foods does not lead to it losing its vitamin content
Deficiency symptoms: Can result in fatigue, weak bones, muscle weakness and aches, impaired wound healing
Toxicity symptoms: Cause elevated blood calcium levels, frequent urination, calcification of soft tissues

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ALTERNATIVE NAMES:
Phylloquinone
Menaquinone
Menadione.
-  is unique in that half of human needs are met through the action of intestinal bacteria.

-ROLES:
Synthesis of blood clotting and bone proteins.
Haemophilia is a hereditary disorder and is not curred with vitamin K.
Vitamin K also participates in metabolism of bone protein called osteocalcin.
Without vitamin K, osteocalcin cannot bind to minerals that form bones which results in low bone density.
-ADEQUATE INTAKE:
Men: 70 µg/d
Women: 60 µg/d
It has no upper level of intake set.
-VITAMIN K SOURCES:
- Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract.
- Liver.
- Leafy green vegetables such as: spinach, lettuce, brussel sprouts and cabbage.
- Milk.
Deficiencies(Haemorrhagic Disease):
–Primary deficiencies rare
–Secondary deficiencies possible if poor fat absorption or due to some drugs (e.g. Antibiotics, anticoagulants)
•Newborns are unique.
–They are given a single dose at birth (injected dose or orally)
•Deficiency can cause haemorrhaging
•Toxicities: None known, however high doses can decrease the effectiveness of anti-clotting medications (e.g. Warfarin).

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Alternative names: Alpha-tocopherol
Food sources: Widespread in foods:

Polyunsaturated plant oils such as margarine, salad dressings and shortenings.

Leafy green vegetables.

Wheat germ.

Wholegrain foods.

Liver and egg yolks.

Nuts and seeds.

Functional role/s: A fat soluble antioxidant, main action is to stop the chain of free radicals/producing more free radicals

RDI or AI: AI (α-tocopherol Equiv.): men: 10 mg /d; women: 7 mg/d.

Upper level: 300 mg/day

Stability: Sensitive to heat and oxygen, therefore fresh- food sources preferable.

Deficiency symptoms:

Primary deficiency due to inadequate intake is rare.
Erythrocytehaemolysis(Haemolyticanaemia):

– Occurs in premature infants. – Can be treated with vitamin E.

• Symptoms:

– Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes.
– Impaired vision and speech, nerve damage.

Toxicity symptoms:
Rare and the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins.
Extremely high doses may augment the effects of anticlotting medication haemorrhage.
Note that the upper limit is >30 times the RDI (300 mg/day).

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Review the information about your group's allocated fat-soluble vitamin (either A, D, E, K) - on lec slides or textbook.

Post the following about your vitamin and include an image to represent a key function your vitamin has in the body:

Alternative names:
Food sources:
Functional role/s:
RDI or AI:
Upper level:
Stability:
Deficiency symptoms:
Toxicity symptoms:

In your groups, you will be asked to explain your findings to the class.