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Students are more willing to communicate and share their thoughts.

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Students might rely on their L1 whenever they meet a communication problem.

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Pros: for adult L2 learners it's easier to understand the rules; they can learn faster.

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Pros: for adult L2 learners it's easier to understand the rules; they can learn faster.

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1. Students comprehend more easily when it comes to complex grammar

Cons
Rely too much on L1 and don’t expect L2

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-Teachers can use shared L1 explains some complex grammar rules to avoid long explanations;
-Students may aware of the differences between L1 and L2.

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1. build rapport with the students;
2. develop learners' positive language identity;
3. give instruction more clearly;
4. explain complex grammar/vocabulary in a more comprehensible way.

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Limits Ss' exposure to L2

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1, Students may rely on L1.

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1. make instruction clear
2. clarify the meaning of Vocab
3. compare the difference of L1 and L2 to enjoy the charming of different languages
4. In brainstorm session, students can talk in L1 so that they could focus on meaning without getting limited by linguistic features.

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Pros:
1. definitely reduce the foreign language anxiety (either by the teacher's talking in L1 or allowing students to use L1 to facilitate the meaning-making processes);
2. can scaffold students and push them to produce the language in the correct form;
3. can reduce the time for explaining instructions or language-related rules for several times;

Cons:
1. students might rely heavily on their L1 to communicate and stop using enough L2 （or receiving less L2 input）

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Students may rely on L1 and lack opportunities to use the target language to negotiate of meaning, which can facilitate interaction and L2 development.

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Using L1 can save time from explaining some complex instructions or difficult words.

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Cons: Students get used to L1 and overly rely on it 

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Cons: Students get used to L1 and overly rely on it 