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What is the practical on? Which experiment^

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Explain the theory behind spectrometry. Define Beer's Law.
Include Aim
What is Aspirin? What is it used for?

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Include background info, terminology, definitions, theories and concepts.
Justify your research

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Room 5                                 What is the aim of the experiment and what we are trying to find?                    Explain what is Spectrophotometry?          What is Aspirin and how it works?                               Explain what is Beer's Lambert Law and Briefly explain absorbance and wavelength. Explain what is a spectrophotometer and its parts and usages.                 The use of the dilutant ion buffer solution.                   State that the experiment is an efficient way to find the unknown solutions. Whilst, Beer-Lambert's law can be used to work out the unknown solutions theoretically.     These tests are carried out by various HCPs (biochemists, chemists, etc) to find out the substances in a patient's urine or bloods if they have taken an overdose, for example.        The substances and their concentrations can be identified based on their lambda max.    

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Room 5                                 What is the aim of the experiment and what we are trying to find?                    Explain what is Spectrophotometry?          What is Aspirin and how it works?                               Explain what is Beer's Lambert Law and Briefly explain absorbance and wavelength. Explain what is a spectrophotometer and its parts and usages.                 The use of the dilutant ion buffer solution.                   State that the experiment is an efficient way to find the unknown solutions. Whilst, Beer-Lambert's law can be used to work out the unknown solutions theoretically.     These tests are carried out by various HCPs (biochemists, chemists, etc) to find out the substances in a patient's urine or bloods if they have taken an overdose, for example.        The substances and their concentrations can be identified based on their lambda max.    

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-aims of the investigation-

Determination of the concentration of two unknown solutions of aspirin by visible spectrophotometry

-Explain theory behind spectrophotometry- add a figure and talk about the process
-Discuss Beer Lambert Law relate back to experiment
-Importance of experiment
-Introduce method and background
-Aspirin- theory, and background

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- explain what spectrophotometry is
- discuss Beer Lambert's law and explain how it relates to the practical
- could explain what wavelength and absorbance are
- background of aspirin and its clinical relevance?
- include the aim of the study
- explain why the research is important and relevant to clinical settings

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-Define Beers Law and how this applies to the practical
-Include the aim - to determine the concentration of 2 unknown solutions of acetylsalicylic acid by using visible spectophotometry
-Define what spectophotometry is
-Relevant background info on Aspirin

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Significance of using Aspirin and the functions of Aspirin 

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Significance of using Aspirin and the functions of Aspirin 

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Introduction:
- theory of spectrophotometry
- Beer Lambert Law
- What Aspirin is
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- Relation to experiment
-  explaining further aiming

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Introduce experiment (aspirin presentation)

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What is Aspirin
Beer Lambert Law
Define spectrophotometry

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Justify the results (relation between each gradient) and link it to the Beer Lambert Law.
Table - including Absorption and dilutions
Graph - Concentration of Aspirin against Absorption
Include the shape of the calibration curve (linear). Is it directly proportional?
Find the unknown from the calibration curve
Include a comparison between data sets (technician vs our own)
Talk about the reliability of the results for example repeating results three times can be to check accuracy of the experiment, showing that it is reproductible.

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-results table-The absorbance of  solution of acetylsalicylic acid at different wavelengths
-calibration curve which illustrates the mean absorbance at 530nm

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The results section should contain the results acquired from the  experiments and should follow the style of a research paper in a scientific journal
- Graph showing concentration of aspirin and absorbance, including the units.

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students data- set 1 and 2 to compare it, accuracy, mean and how reproducible it is •	technicians data.                 check for how accurate and precision of the experiment 

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students data- set 1 and 2 to compare it, accuracy, mean and how reproducible it is •	technicians data.                 check for how accurate and precision of the experiment 

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describing the method and presenting the results
1 - present table with serial solutions. using standard stock solution and water as a solute. pipettes to measure the aspirin aqueous solution. and blanking using iron buffer in between. sub-master was tested as a control to ensure accuracy. calculations of concentration and setting up to finding lambda max.
2 -  Lambda max for 1 sample. using calibration cure plotting.
3 - present findings from the second series of test to find the absorbance at a series of stock solutions. This is done in triads and the mean is calculated.
4 - plotting the mean absorbance in a linear plot to identify the concentration of unknown substance.
if we were to do this as a clinician the steps would be similar. quote silverberg pg 218.

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make a table with serial dilutions
find a mean concentration from the serum samples
compare to normal blood concentrations of aspirin
conduct three times for reproducibility, accuracy and precision
use correct unit; mg/DL for concentrations, no units for absorbance
plot a graph, mean absorbance against concentration, linear so from the absorbance the concentration can be determined; mention calibration curve (linear) and apply Beers Law (concentration is directly proportional to absorbance)
any trends/anomalies?

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-       Dilution table

-       Graph of absorbance vs wavelength for acetylsalicylic acid. Show the graph absorbance and concentration of the dilution of unknown

-       Calibration for absorbance vs concentration for acetylsalicylic acid. Show the absorbance estimated for dilution

-       Calculations that show concentration of unknown solution.

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Results:Present the figures in a logical way in which the experiment was conducted.Link back to theoretical background e.g. Beers Law

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Results:Present the figures in a logical way in which the experiment was conducted.Link back to theoretical background e.g. Beers Law

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Experiment conducted in triplicats (repeated 3 times)  for reproducibility and accuracy

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Experiment conducted in triplicats (repeated 3 times)  for reproducibility and accuracy

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§  Draw graphs/figures from data clearly showing relationships and trends

-       Use set concentrations of aspirin and record the absorbance against wavelength

-       Identification of Lambda max (highest peak on the graph)

-       Use that wavelength against different concentrations of aspirin and record it at number of absorbance levels. This enables us to create the calibration curve.

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interpret findings, compare mean concentrations we've found to normal blood aspirin levels
limitations of the experiment?
give reasoning for anomalies, can affect accuracy and precision
inaccurate results? conduct 3 times for accuracy and precision, reproducible
compare to published findings
cite/reference properly
summarised findings, linking to theoretical background of what levels of aspirin are safe/not, beers law (is it a linear plot?), include conclusion

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- compare results founds to theoretical beer lambert's law
-expand on the findings from the results e.g. discuss the graph that showed peak absorbance and how we were able to calculate the unknown solutions, back up with journal articles
- discuss limitations of the experiments
-how it would be used in a clinical setting

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-discuss the results and tie in with theory- graph and beer lambert law
- linear graph
-explain the relation of absorbance and concentration
-explain the determined unknown values
-compare to pre existing literature
-anomalies?
-discuss limitations
-errors?
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Relate the graph to Beer's Law
Explain the results - the relationship between absorbance and concentration (directly proportional)
Talk about the accuracy/precision of the results
Sources of error - using a clean pipette for each dilution
While discussing link back to the method

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- The results and discuss the shape of the calibration curve (absorbance and concentration)
- Any limitations to the data
- Anomalies
- Repeats for accuracy
- Pharmaceutical industry for distributing Aspirin.
- used for research into Aspirin.

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Summary the discussion and relate it back to the aim. Were the unknown found?

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Discussion

§  Interpret your findings/ conclude appropriate

-       Analyse all aspects of the calibration curve.

-       Discuss the proportionality in relation to the findings.

-       Limitations could relate to environmental or systematic errors, e.g. errors surrounding data handling, calibrating, environmental interference, human error (forgetting to zero the equipment), bad calculations)