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Prosody is the rhythm and sounds used in poetry. Prosody can also mean the study of the rhythms and sounds of language, and sometimes you can talk about the prosody of prose. It's about where the emphasis falls in the words and how those work together (AskingLot, 2020).

Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus. It may otherwise reflect other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or by choice of vocabulary (Wikipedia, 2021).

Prosody can also be use to help convey aspects of meaning and to make the speaker speech more lively.

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What is Prosody? - Voice Acting Concepts

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Transcriptions 1 :

I bent then I snapped and flew over the hood

/ˈaɪ ˈbent ˈðen ˈaɪ ˈsnæpt ənd ˈfluː ˈoʊvr̩ ðə ˈhʊd/

You know what I'm saying and

/ju ˈnoʊ wɒt ˈaɪm ˈseɪɪŋ ænd/

I know a lot of people said that I should just take a month off maybe take a whole summer off.

/ˈaɪ ˈnoʊ ə ˈlɑːt əv ˈpiːpl̩ ˈsed ðæt ˈaɪ ʃəd dʒəst ˈteɪk ə ˈmənθ ɔːf ˈmeɪbi ˈteɪk ə ˈhoʊl ˈsʌmər ɔːf./

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In this transcriptions the intonation of these sentences are falling as she is making a statement.  However, there is a syllable time rhythm while she said the 1st sentence.

Due to the speakers emotional state while saying the 3rd sentence she stressed on the word summer because there is an increase of loudness and pitch. The word are stress in order to emphasize an exaggeration of being tired. In addition, there are several words that are stressed to give clear purposes of what she is trying to convey. As an example,  snapped, hood, a lot, people, whole, I'm, saying, month, summer and off.

The 2nd sentence the use of chunking can be detected as she is excluding some of the syllable of the words and also blurring or rushing the articulation. You know what I am saying is a 7 syllable sentence but she exclude one and make it a 6 syllable instead by using contractions.

There are emotional prosody which is pause being use in sentence 1st and 3rd. She pause a several seconds to make her sentence seem more serious and to make sure all her listener are focusing on her and can understand her context.

Overall, the tone of all sentences above changes abruptly according to the speaker's emotion and situation. The pitch is also higher due to women natural high pitch sounds.

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Transcriptions 2:
I bent then I snapped and flew over the hood

/ˈaɪ bent ðen ˈaɪ snæpt ənd fluː ˈəʊvə ðə hʊd/

You know what I'm saying and

/ju ˈnəʊ wɒt aɪm ˈseɪɪŋ ænd/

I know a lot of people said that I should just take a month off maybe take a whole summer off.

/ˈaɪ ˈnəʊ ə lɒt əv ˈpiːpl̩ ˈsed ðæt ˈaɪ ʃəd dʒəst ˈteɪk ə mʌnθ ɒf ˈmeɪbiː ˈteɪk ə ˈhəʊl ˈsʌmər ɒf./

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English was spread in Canada through these three remarkable events:

The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the Seven Years’ War and opened most of the eastern Canada for English-speaking settlement. During the Treaty of Paris, the British Crown formally acknowledge American independence.

American Revolution in 1775 until 1783 which motivated the first large group of English-speakers to move to Canada.

During and after the American Revolution, the modern settlement in Ontario began with the entrance of some American colonists, also known as Loyalists.

After the Loyalists, more Americans came to Ontario as they were attracted to the cheap lands.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain encouraged an even larger group of English-speakers to join them in the 19th century.

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Exploration and Fur Trade

Henry Hudson was the first British explorer to have approached the present borders of Ontario where he explored the coast of the Hudson Bay.

Étienne Brûlé and Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, travelled along the Ottawa River in 1613 and they reached the centre of the region in 1615.

The French then allied themselves with the indigenous people of the Wendat, Innu and Algonquin to set up trade networks to move furs across the province.

The Dutch and the British federated themselves with the Haudenosaunee.

In order to gain access to the trade all by themselves, the Haudenosaunee attacked on the Wendat villages in the 17th century that resulted in the dispersal of the Wendats.

The Indigenous allies of the French were defeated after an uprising in 1763 until 1764. Only after that, the British occupation was fixed.

The Treaty of Paris in 1783 divided the Great Lakes down the middle and created the southern boundary of Ontario.

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British Convicts

In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip guided a navy of 11 British ships consisting of convicts to the colony of New South Wales.

Philip chose Sydney Cove as the area of Australia’s first penal colony.

The early years for the colony were harsh as there was poor soil, unfamiliar climate and workers who were knowledgeable of farming.

In 1792, Captain Philip returned to England. By the 19th century, the colony in Australia became on the roll.

During 1818, January 26th had become an official holiday in Australia, marking the 30th anniversary of British settlement.

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Lyrics:
O Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all of us command.*

With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North, strong and free!

From far and wide,
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

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Canada

Australia

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Ontario, Canada.

New South Wales, Australia.

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How did English spread in Canada?

Exploration and Fur Trade

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How did English spread in Australia?

British Convicts

Gold Rush Australia

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1. Prosodic variation

2. Lexical variation

3. Phonemic/Free variation

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1. Prosodic variation

2. Lexical variation

3. Phonemic variation

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1. Nur Aribah's Reflection

2. Nur Aishatul Aleeya's Reflection

3. Wan Ariff Fikri's Reflection

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1. Introduction of the countries references.

2. History of English in Canada and Australia.

3. Prosodic variations.

4. Lexical variations.

5. Phonemic/Free Variations.

6. Conclusion and Reflection.

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Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. Although, they have a vast scale; Canada is one of the world's least populated nations.

Despite their small population, Canadians have created what many consider to be a model multicultural society, accepting immigrants from all over the world. Furthermore, Canada has an abundance of natural resources and intellectual capital that several other countries can be equaled to.

Canada is home to a wide range of national and ethnic communities. When Canada's first census was taken in 1871, approximately half of the population was British and nearly a third was French. Since immigrant communities have tended to settle in specific areas, their cultural identities have largely been preserved.

Canada is officially bilingual in English and French, representing its reputation as a confrontation between two European major powers. The word "Canada" comes from the Huron-Iroquois word "kanata," which means "village" or "settlement."

Canada shares a 5,525-mile- (8,890-km-) long border with the United States (including Alaska)—the longest border in the world not patrolled by military forces—and the overwhelming majority of its population lives within 185 miles (300 km) of the international boundary.

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National Anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair

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Advance Australia Fair, National Anthem of Australia🎼 

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Advance Australia Fair, National Anthem of Australia🎼 

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Lyrics:
Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are young and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil;
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history's page, let every stage
Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair!

Beneath our radiant Southern Cross
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make this Commonwealth of ours
Renowned of all the lands;
For those who've come across the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To Advance Australia Fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia Fair!

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Australia is the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on earth, located in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Canberra, Australia's capital, is situated in the southeast, between the larger and more significant economic and cultural centres of Sydney and Melbourne.

Australia is the last of lands only in the sense that it was the last continent, apart from Antarctica, to be explored by Europeans. Also, Australia has been called “the Oldest Continent,” “the Last of Lands,” and “the Last Frontier.”

Despite the fact that English is not the official language of Australia, it is the de facto national language and is almost universally spoken. Despite this, there are hundreds of Aboriginal languages, many of which have become extinct since 1950 and most of which have just a few speakers.

The Australian coastline stretches nearly 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from west to east, and nearly 2,000 miles from Cape York Peninsula in the northeast to Wilsons Promontory in the southeast (3,200 km). To the south, Australian authority stretches 310 miles (500 kilometres) to the southernmost point of Tasmania, and to the north, it reaches the southernmost point of Papua New Guinea.

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1. DN Anthems. (2020, June 28). National Anthem of Canada - O Canada. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yhAmlcRAkk&list=PLdrJoq_WImiCbr04fmpI7lZr_OEqiI7hc&index=32

2. DN Anthems. (2020, June 10). National Anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOSDXOoyDTw&list=PLdrJoq_WImiCbr04fmpI7lZr_OEqiI7hc&index=9

3. Krueger, R. R. , Bercuson, . David J. , Hall, . Roger D. , Morton, . William Lewis and Nicholson, . Norman L. (2021, May 4). Canada. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada

4. Powell, Joseph Michael , Veevers, John J. , Rickard, John David , Ride, W.D.L. , Lange, Robert Terence , Twidale, Charles Rowland and Roe, Michael.( 2021, May 3). Australia. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Australia.

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Australian Gold Rush

A prospector found flecks of gold near Bathurst, New South Wales in Australia on February 12, 1851.

Since then, more gold has been discovered in the neighbouring state, Victoria.

Due to that, Australian Gold Rush has become the country’s national identity.

Following this, more than 500,000 people hurried to the gold field in Australia. Most of the immigrants were British and many prospectors from other countries such as the United States, Germany and Poland settled in New South Wales and Victoria.

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Due to our several sources to get this data we have a few speakers for the Ontario dialect.

Gender: Female.
Name: Alanna.
Age: 28
Originally from: Ontario, Canada.
Currently lives in: Southeast of England.

Gender: Female.
Originated from: Ontario, Canada.

Gender: Male.
Originated from: Ontario, Canada.

Gender: Female.
Originated from: Ontario, Canada.

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Gender: Male.
Name: Danial Kang.
Age: 24
Originated from: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Currently lives in: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,

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History of English in Canada and Australia

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History of English in Canada and Australia

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1. Hillmer, N. , Bothwell, R. (2007, August 9). Ontario. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ontario

2. Boberg, C. (2016, February 29). Canadian English. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-english#:~:text=Canadian%20English%20owes%20its%20very,English%2Dspeakers%20to%20move%20to

3. History.com Editors. (2009, November 13). Treaty of Paris. History. https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/treaty-of-paris

4. Sydney.com. (n.d). History of Sydney. Sydney.com. https://int.sydney.com/things-to-do/arts-and-culture/history-of-sydney

5. History.com Editors. (2009, November 24). British settlement begins in Australia. History. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/australia-day

6. Sue, C. (2020, April 6). Feb 12, 1851 CE: Australian Gold Rush Begins. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb12/australian-gold-rush-begins/#:~:text=On%20February%2012%2C%201851%2C%20a,on%20the%20country's%20national%20identity.

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1. LOGAN DE LEY, MA, MS. (2017, June 13). Why Prosody Matters: The Importance of Reading Aloud with Expression. The Science of Learning Blog. https://www.scilearn.com/why-prosody-matters-importance-reading-aloud-expression/

2. Prosody (linguistics). (2021, April 14). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)

3. Falou Halfan. (2020, March 26). What are the 3 basic prosodic features of speech?. AskingLot.com. https://askinglot.com/what-are-the-3-basic-prosodic-features-of-speech

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Lexical: related to words or the vocabulary of a language (Collins Dictionary, n.d).

Lexical variation can be observed by comparing the differences in words and phrases in  the way English is being spoken by people from different countries.

Lexical variation can be different in the usage of the vocabulary whereby they have the same meaning, but they use different words.

In some countries, such as Australia, abbreviation, which is shortening words, is used when they are talking to other people in their daily life.

Example: Chrissie for Christmas

Borrowing words from other countries and the aboriginal people are also considered as lexical variations in linguistics.

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Englishes around the World - Language variation

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Transcriptions 1 :
He hit the brakes he was up to no good

/ ˈhi: ˈhɪt ðə ˈbreɪks ˈhi: wəz ˈʌp tə ˈnoʊ ˈɡʊ /

Lovesick and spurned i got carried away

/ ˈlʌvsɪk ənd ˈspɝːnd ˈaɪ ˈɡɑːt ˈkærid əˈweɪ /

I know a lot of people said that I should just take a month off maybe take a whole summer off

/ ˈaɪ ˈnoʊ ə ˈlɑːt əv ˈpiːpl̩ ˈsed ðæt ˈaɪ ʃəd dʒəst ˈteɪk ə ˈmənθ ɔːf ˈmeɪbi ˈteɪk ə ˈhoʊl ˈsʌmər ɔːf /

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The pronunciation of the words and phrases are very clear and understandable. For example in the first sentence, we can clearly hear that she said “he hit” as if she spoke one word at a time.

The vocabulary used helps the listener to gain the meaning of the phrases even if people are listening to it for only one time.

The speakers pronounce the words and phrases cautiously in order to deliver the meaning of the phrases correctly to the listeners. This can be seen in the third sentence where the speaker pronounces the word “people” audibly and cautiously so that the listener can understand what she’s trying to say.

Speakers from Ontario did not really use any abbreviation, which is lexical shortening of words. They pronounced the word fully and did not shorten any of the words as to make sure that the listeners understand them.

The speakers pronounce the word as how it is being spelt so that the listener can identify the tenses used. For instance, in the second sentence, the speaker pronounces the word “spurned” understandably and we can hear the /d/ sound at the end of the word.

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Transcriptions 2:
He hit the breaks he was up to no good

/ ˈhi: hɪt ðə breɪks ˈhi: wəz ˈʌp tu ˈnəʊ ɡʊ /

Lovesick and spurned I got carried away

/ ˈlʌvsɪk ənd spɜːnd ˈaɪ ˈɡɒt ˈkærɪd əˈweɪ /

I know a lot of people said that I should just take a month off maybe take a whole summer off

/ ˈaɪ ˈnəʊ ə lɒt əv ˈpiːpl̩ ˈsed ðæt ˈaɪ ʃəd dʒəst ˈteɪk ə mʌnθ ɒf ˈmeɪbiː ˈteɪk ə ˈhəʊl ˈsʌmər ɒf /

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The speaker utters the word audibly so that the listener can differentiate between singular and plural. In the first sentence, the word “brakes” is being articulated clearly so that the listener knows that the word is in a plural form.

The vocabulary used by this speaker is the same vocabulary used by speakers from Ontario. Hence, there is no difference in vocabulary usage as both speakers from these two countries used the same words.

Some words pronounced by the speaker are different from speakers in Ontario. This can be seen when the speaker said the word “people” in the third sentence. Danial utters the word “people” differently from the speaker in Ontario due to his Sydney accent.

Most people in Australia would use abbreviation when they are talking to one another.

In Australia, they did not pronounce the word just like how it is being spelt. We can hear when Danial said the word “spurned” in the second sentence where the /d/ sound at the end of the word is not being uttered unlike the speaker from Ontario.

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1. Lexical. (n.d). In Collins Dictionary.com. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lexical

2. Robinson, J. (2019, April 24). Lexical variation across the UK. British Accents and Dialects. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/lexical-variation-across-the-uk#:~:text=Observing%20lexical%20variation&text=We%20can%20observe%20lexical%20variation,and%20among%20different%20social%20groups.

3. Hilpert, M. (2020, June 26). Englishes around the World - Language variation. Youtube. https://youtu.be/Iup1gJq0dsE

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Introduction to Phonemic/Free Variation 📚

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Introduction to Phonemic/Free Variation 📚

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Definition: When two sounds appear in the same environment without creating a semantic contrast between the two words.

In phonetics and phonology, free variation is an alternative pronunciation of a word (or of a phoneme in a word) that doesn't affect the word's meaning (Nordquist, 2020).

Free variation is "free" in the sense that a different pronunciation doesn't result in a different word or meaning.

This is possible because some allophones and phonemes are interchangeable and can be substituted for each other or said to have overlapping distribution.

Example:   pasta
[ˈpæstə ]
[ˈpɑːstə ]

The first pasta here uses the [æ] sound meanwhile the second pasta uses the [ɑː] sound.

While they sound different, they still have the same meaning.

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Transcriptions 1 :

1. I bent then I snapped and flew over the hood

/ˈaɪ ˈbent ˈðen ˈaɪ ˈsnæpt ənd ˈfluː ˈoʊvr̩ ðə ˈhʊd/

2. I know a lot of people said that I should just take a month off maybe take a whole summer off

/ ˈaɪ ˈnoʊ ə ˈlɑːt əv ˈpiːpl̩ ˈsed ðæt ˈaɪ ʃəd dʒəst ˈteɪk ə ˈmənθ ɔːf ˈmeɪbi ˈteɪk ə ˈhoʊl ˈsʌmər ɔːf /

3. He hit the brakes he was up to no good

/ ˈhi: ˈhɪt ðə ˈbreɪks ˈhi: wəz ˈʌp tə ˈnoʊ ˈɡʊ /

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As we can hear, the pronunciations are mostly all the same even though there are some differences in terms of the stress and emphasis of the words uttered by the speakers. Phonemic variation requires a sharper and a more detailed review as it differs very slightly to one another.

In the first sentence, we can hear that the first speaker speaks smoothly and in a very fluid way. The /t/ in the word /ˈbent / was just a slight one and is not that emphasized. Meanwhile the /t/ in the word /ˈsnæpt / is a little bit more stressed and we can hear it more clearly as the word snapped has the additional suffix -ped rather than the suffix -t in the word bent.

We can see that the word /ˈoʊvr̩ /  here uses a /oʊ/ to start and we can still hear the /r̩/ at the end.

Then, the second sentence has quite a few variations in the phonemes compared to the second speaker. The word /ˈnoʊ / here uses /oʊ/ which sounds more rounder and sounds is more clearer.  The word /ˈlɑːt/ here uses /ɑːt/ which sounds more flat and sounds more flattened. The word /ˈmənθ/ uses /ə/ which sounds flattened and flew by. The word /ˈhoʊl /  here uses /oʊ/ which focuses on the /o/ sound. The word /ɔːf / uses /ɔː/ so it sounds rounder and we can clearly hear the stress on the start of the ‘o’ sound.

Lastly, the word /tə/ sounds more flew by and the ‘o’ is not really focused here. While the word /ˈnoʊ / uses /oʊ/ which we can hear the ‘o’ clearly.

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Transcriptions 2:

I bent then I snapped and flew over the hood

/ˈaɪ bent ðen ˈaɪ snæpt ənd fluː ˈəʊvə ðə hʊd/

I know a lot of people said that I should just take a month off maybe take a whole summer off

/ ˈaɪ ˈnəʊ ə lɒt əv ˈpiːpl̩ ˈsed ðæt ˈaɪ ʃəd dʒəst ˈteɪk ə mʌnθ ɒf ˈmeɪbiː ˈteɪk ə ˈhəʊl ˈsʌmər ɒf /

He hit the breaks he was up to no good

/ ˈhi: hɪt ðə breɪks ˈhi: wəz ˈʌp tu ˈnəʊ ɡʊ /

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For the second speaker, the words spoken are more focused and stressed on each syllable and it sounds more formal. The /t/ in the word /bent/ sounds equally stressed with the /t/ in the word /snæpt/.

Meanwhile, the word /ˈəʊvə / here starts with /əʊ/ so the ‘o’ sound is not emphasized and at the end, /ə/ is used so we can’t really hear the ‘r’ at the end of over.

Next, in the second sentence, the word /ˈnəʊ / is less emphasized and we can barely hear the ‘o’ sound.  The word /lɒt/ uses /ɒ/ which sounds rounder and we can hear the ‘o’ sound of the word ‘lot’. The word /mʌnθ/ then uses /ʌ/ which sounds sharper and emphasizes more on the sound. The word /ˈhəʊl/ here uses /əʊ/ which is less stressed and sounds less sharp. The word /ɒf/ uses /ɒ/ so it has more emphasization to the ‘o’ sound in the word off.

Lastly, the word /tu/ uses the /u/ sound which gives a more stressed sound. While the /ˈnəʊ / uses /əʊ/  which has less stress in the syllable and sounds more flew by to enter the next word.

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The intonation of these sentences  in transcriptions 2 are all falling tones as he is either making a statement or answering questions. Hence, the he use the falling intonation instead of the rising tone which often use for asking questions.

The stress on the sentences above are in words such as bent, snapped, know, saying, people and summer. He put on a syllables stress on these words to emphasize the meaning of the sentences for the listener and also to set out his clear purposes of saying it so that no one can misunderstood his words.

Danial uses emotional prosody which is pause in his 1st and 3rd sentence to give his listeners time to process what is his messages are and for the listener to know that there is something important in the sentence.

The length of the sound in these sentences are audible like when he said you know what I'm saying the first two words is said in a longer manner while the remaining two were utter in a short sound while it is being stressed.

The tone of his voice is also prominent for the listener to focus on.

Overall, the pitch of all sentences above is lower and deeper due to his low and manly voice.

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Nordquist, R. (2020, March 27). Free variation IN PHONETICS: You SAY 'Tomato,' I say 'tomahto'. https://www.thoughtco.com/free-variation-phonetics-1690780.

Nordquist, R. (n.d.). What Exactly Is a Phoneme? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/phoneme-word-sounds-1691621.

YouTube. (2019, March 5). Distribution of Sounds: Free Variation. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llZgmUc7LL4.