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The act of breaking into a computer system is referred to as hacking. Hacking isn't necessarily a felony because "ethical hacking" happens when a hacker is allowed to exploit security networks under the law. To put it another way, it's when a hacker has the required permission or authorisation. Hacking, on the other hand, crosses the criminal line when a hacker gains access to someone's computer system without their permission or authority. Hacking is cyber dependent and a second-generation cybercrime. The cost that comes from hacking is significant.

https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/hacking-laws-and-punishments.html

Criminal Hacking is a wide-ranging term with many sub terms under the same umbrella. Cracking is known term, less skilled when it comes to programming and coding and mostly relies on software to back themselves.

https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/hacking-laws-and-punishments.html

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Black hat hackers, like all hackers, are normally well-versed in breaking into computer networks and circumventing security protocols. They're also in charge of writing malware, which is a technique for breaking into these networks. Their primary motive is typically personal or financial gain, but they may also be involved in cyber espionage, protest, or are simply addicted to the internet.

White hat hackers, on the contrary use their skills and talents for the better, instead of divulging in crime, they are sometimes even employed by companies or an induvial to find flaws and holes in their security system, prompting improvements to their cyber security. White hat hackers use the same techniques of the black hat hacker with consent between the two parties being the difference making the act valid.

Grey hat hackers operate in the middle, they usually are a small combination of the other two types of hackers. They seek out vulnerable aspects of the owner’s system without consent and usually might charge money to get rid or fix the issue, sometimes leaking information if the owner doesn’t comply.

https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-what-is-the-difference-between-black-white-and-grey-hat-hackers.html

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Anonymous is an online collective group who have claimed to have no agenda but have popped up in times of injustice and exposed government organisations by hacking into their system and leaking classified information into the public. They’ve also claimed to have hacked massive originations like the Pentagon on multiple occasions. In the chaotic events that occurred during the death of George Floyd, Anonymous sent a message to the Minneapolis Police Department highlighting its history with violence and corruption.

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A way we as a society can be able to limit hacking is to improve our knowledge and become more educated in this field. Increasing cyber security and also train our law enforcement agencies to combat cyber attacks.

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Internet fraud is described as the use of Internet services or software with Internet access to defraud or exploit victims. Millions of dollars are stolen from victims each year by Internet fraud schemes, which continue to plague the Internet through a variety of methods. A method where people deceive unknowing buyers to purchase goods that aren’t necessarily guaranteed. Things like romance fraud, shopping fraud and investment fraud where people get swindled into investing their money under false promises.

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Phishing is a form of cyber-attack that employs the use of a fraudulent email as a tool. The aim is to persuade the email recipient that the message is something they want or need such as a request from their bank or a note from a co-worker and that they can click a link or download an attachment.

https://www.csoonline.com/article/2117843/what-is-phishing-how-this-cyber-attack-works-and-how-to-prevent-it.html

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Romance fraud is where an individual sets up a fake social media account, seeking out romantic partners, pulling off a hoax to make the victim feel as if their ‘in love’ so that ‘gifts’ can be exchanged between the 2 people. Even going on to share personal information, asking for funds to meetup or to ‘assist’ with day-to-day life. Investment fraud refers to a variety of misleading tactics used by con artists to persuade investors to make investment decisions. Untrue or misleading facts, as well as fictitious opportunities, are examples of these activities. Stocks, shares, notes, commodities, currencies, and even real estate can all be used in investment fraud.

https://www.fbi.gov/scams-and-safety/common-scams-and-crimes/internet-fraud

https://www.saveandinvest.org/protect-your-money-spot-and-avoid-fraud/types-investment-fraud

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Jordan Belfort was infamously known in the 1980s, working through many brokerage firms, he had finally saved up enough funds to start his own brokerage company called Oakmont Stratton. Oakmont Stratton quickly adopted the classic, albeit illegal, "pump and dump" trading strategy, in which traders artificially inflate stock prices by making false and misleading positive claims, then sell the stock at a higher price. Belfort and his brokers would "dump" their stocks after they had been bought at the inflated price. The stock would eventually drop in value, leaving investors to lose money. A well-known 2013 Hollywood adaptation of his book ‘The wolf of wall street’ is based on the life of Jordan Belfort and provides somewhat of an insight into the life of investment fraud.

https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/white-collar-crime/jordan-belfort/

https://www.investopedia.com/investing/who-is-jordan-belfort/#:~:text=1%EF%BB%BF%20In%201999%2C%20Belfort,served%2022%20months%20in%20prison.

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A good way to counteract these acts of fraud and phishing is to try and limit the amount of information being shared on the net, improving cyber security is always a good thing to do. Making social media accounts more private and being more careful to who you allow to access your online life.

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Image based abuse is when someone distributes or threatens to distribute crude or intimate images of another person without the legal consent of the individual, the 3 key behaviours include the non-consensual creation of nude images, non-consensual distribution of these images and threats to share said nude or sexual images. What constitutes an intimate image according to Australian Law is an image of a person’s genital or anal area, clothed or bare, a person’s breast if they identify as female or transgender, private activity such as the changing of clothes, undressing, showering, or engaged in any form of sexual activity and even the image of an individual without their respective religious or culture attire if they would normally wear said clothing in public

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Revenge porn multiple motivations are what we can describe as vengeful. Cases where 2 people who are no longer in a relationship, images that were once shared between the 2 consensually are threatened to be shared or is already being shared by either member of the party in an act of revenge. Known terms of sexual abuse include things like up skirting or creepshots, recordings of sexual abuse sextortion and pornographic photoshopping where the face of an individual is photoshopped onto crude images.

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People who are victim to image-based abuse can be impacted mentally and also physically, having their privacy leaked and exposed into the eye of the public. Having an image spread and shared throughout Social media platforms can leave a person humiliated, ashamed which can possibly lead to cases of depression and social anxiety.

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The network is a vast majority of males who look for heterosexual male pleasure and the objectification of women. The main driving factor for sharing nude images online were for social status and sexual gratification according to Henry and Flynn’s 2019 study of image-based abuse distribution sites.

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Cyber bullying includes flaming, online harassment, cyberstalking, denigration, masquerading, outing and exclusion. 1 in 5 Australian teenagers have reported to being socially excluded, among the 1 in 5 teenagers, 55% sought help from their parents, 28% looked to their friends for help. What we can do to help is to continuously stay educated on these matters, improve our education system and ensuring that our school programs and curriculums implement the importance of cyber security and safety, and that a zero cyberbullying policy be at the heart of our education system.

https://www.esafety.gov.au/key-issues/cyberbullying

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Online crypto drug markets are a space where the distribution of narcotics is done digitally, where payments are being made mostly in cryptocurrency. Being reliant on internet, crypto markets are cyber-dependent, needing the cyber world to exist in order to work. Crypto markets are not found on the surface web and is mostly found in the dark web, hidden. Many misconceptions of the dark web including that it might be illegal to access the dark web, are false. The dark web is completely legal and safe to use, however, participating in illegal conduct while on the dark web is a punishable offence, like purchasing drugs online. The dark web is an open space where criminal activity thrives and where its activity is hidden, things like ‘red rooms’ and other rumoured atrocities to have occurred.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UuHn27dFpE&feature=emb_logo

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The most commonly purchased narcotics are Ecstasy, Cannabis and Lsd. Open and Closed markets provide product to the buyers, open being known associates as dealers or friends and closed markets are for invited customers or people who have been vouched for

People who distribute drugs online are usually introduced to the scene by a friend, and then eventually participate. People take on this criminal act to pay regular things such as student debt, loans, or even bills. Some people get a thrill from doing these illegal acts (Katz 1987).

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The silk road was a crypto drug market that thrived during a 2-year period from 2011-2013. The FBI had arrested a man by the name of Ross Ulbricht, who was also known as the ‘Dread Pirate Roberts’ which had orchestrated the online phenomenon, who was the founding administrator. Part of select interviews that were held by Van Hout & Bingham (2013a) noted that vendors, on the silk road market, saw themselves as responsible and intelligent consumers of drugs. And for the buyers, buying online was easy because of how you could protect your identity through the use of fictitious names, stealthy delivery and vast variety of product.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933260-400-silk-road-review-the-true-story-of-the-dark-webs-illegal-drug-market/

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Zero-tolerance model which focusses towards reducing the demand for drugs, usually aimed at deterring members of society away from drugs
Harm reduction model which takes on a human health and wellbeing approach, reducing harms associated with drugs
Supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction are steps in place where our drug policy aims to overall reduce the impact drugs has on our society

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The man that the world would eventually know as Theodore Kaczynski was notoriously known for his terrorist acts as the ‘Unabomber’ spanning over a 17-year period, where he mailed multiple packages which were bombs killing 3 people and injuring 23 others. This is another showcase of lone wolf terrorism where an individual, under his own ideologies and beliefs, resorted to extremist acts. The lack of technology made it difficult to even track down Mr Kaczynski, his dedication to living in seclusion, off the grid, made it much longer to solve

https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/unabomber
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm
https://www.history.com/news/unabomber-letter-bombs-investigation-arrest

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Repressive model

Reactive policing would mean to respond to a terrorist attack whereas the Proactive approach leans towards aiming to prevent these terrorist crimes from ever occurring. Some barriers when taking on the proactive approach would be that lone wolf terrorist only carry out single attacks and stay secluded from society making it hard to pin-point.

Conciliatory Approach

This approach aims to remove the factors that lead people to become terrorist, with short term aims of acceding to the immediate demands of lone wolf terrorist and long term aims changing the conditions that give terrorist reasons to act out

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On the !5th of March 2019, an Australian, Brenton Tarrant committed an act of terrorism murdering 51 people worshipping in a mosque while also injuring 49 others. Tarrant had livestreamed the massacre on Facebook, which lasted 17 minutes. This is an act of a lone wolf terrorist committing a performance crime. The very fact that this had been livestreamed caused an uproar among society, questioning, why was this horrible act allowed to be filmed and livestreamed for so long?

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53861456

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-11/german-synagogue-shooting-confirmed-as-far-right-terrorism/11594016

https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/09/the-german-synagogue-shooting-was-streamed-on-twitch.html

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The internet allows for heinous crimes to be broadcasted globally, this promotion of crime provides a platform for terrorist to advocate their ideologies to society, displaying the lengths they would steep to, to convey the message they believe in, which include violent acts uploaded online. The online scene also allows for terrorist to seek support through communities who share the same extremist beliefs, these online communities also provide support emotionally and somewhat justification for terrorist actions.

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The ‘term Lone wolf’ is associated with an individual who commits crime alone, without any help of others or involvement from other groups. They usually carry out terrorist attacks independently from established terrorist organisations. Lone wolf attacks act on their own founded ideologies which go hand in hand with extremist views venting out their own personal frustrations and philosophies. Lone wolf terrorist is characterised by high levels of psychological disturbance, social isolation, alienation and ineffectiveness.