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Reihan Salam -- About — Reihan Salam
The Manhattan Institute --Reihan Salam | President, Manhattan Institute (manhattan-institute.org)
Politico -- BIRTHDAY OF THE DAY: Reihan Salam, president of the Manhattan Institute - POLITICO
Support the Guardian-- #BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement | Civil rights movement | The Guardian

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“Black and White in Shades of Gray” is a great read that goes over and displays the injustice, inequality, and danger the black community faces in America. Some of the challenges being with white supremacy, the criminal justice system, to the environments they live in. Salam displays the differences in the communities of prominently black vs white people, how the criminal justice system liberates ghetto communities, and how bourgeois norms can be advantageous.  Salam uses statistics and sheds his light on his opinion of how black people are treated and what he thinks needs to be addressed to fix the solution.

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(1)   In the essay (page 236-237) Salam made the argument that “black people are permanently excluded from whiteness with the rare exception of those who can pass as white and choose to do so.” This is true, black people are judged off the color of their skin and will never appear to be white resting his argument that will "forever be excluded". He had made the argument which I too agree with that at one-point Irish descendants were not considered white. Now a days no one sees past the color of peoples skin when it comes to whether you are white or black. People don’t call their Irish friend that is Caucasian, not white, when the color of his skin is pale. Black people can never claim to meet the “criteria” so to speak to gain the same benefits as a white person does in society. (2) (Page 238) The author also states “The failure of our criminal justice systems to liberate ghetto communities from the tyranny of violence is profound” It seems as if a crime happens in a bad environment its treated as if it is an everyday thing in that area, there is no presidency, there is no real concern if these cases come to justice, or not as if the person got what they deserved. (3) (Page 241) Salam states “The New Great Migration might seem unremarkable and bourgeois. But it is in its own way an extraordinary example of communal uplift, and those who want to see racial progress in America ought to celebrate it.” Even referring to his statistical data in the first paragraph it shows that people are coming to realize that black people are not being treated fairly. The uplift in stance is showing that people are slowly but surely uniting with the force and will hopefully make an even bigger impact in the future (which it has) and even a little bit of progress should be celebrated.

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During this time there was a lot of civil rights movements going on around the world, including protests, riots, looting, people fighting for justice. Prominently after the death of several black people, including Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown. The deaths of these now well know men, ignited a flame in the black lives matter movement. The trial against the man who killed Trayvon Martin and the jury found Zimmerman (the man who killed Trayvon) not guilty. The day proceeding the death of Michael Brown there was a rage of protests and looting. When the trial against the white officer who unloaded 12 bullets into Michael Brown resulted in the cop not being indicted, a group of people marched through the halls of a mall, chanting “black lives matter”. There was a church shooting by white supremacists killing 9 black people while they were worshiping. There was an arrest of a middle ages man Eric Garner. Garner was placed in a choke hold for at least 15 seconds by a white cop, Garner said over 11 times that he could not breathe and the cop would not let him go. This is where the introduction to “I cant breathe” slogan came into play. The death of Freddy Gray who fell into a coma while in police care and was found to have died from spinal injuries.

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Reihan Salam was born December 29, 1979 in New York, NY. He was brought up by his parents in Brooklyn, NY alongside his two sisters. Reihan Salam did exceptionally well in school, attending Stuyvesant High School and then after attending the Telluride Association Summer Program, he attended Cornell university. He graduated in the year 2001 and went to work for short time as a reporter at The New Republic. A while later he was hired on at the National Review where he wrote about very controversial topics, in this time including this reading. Salam is currently now the President of Manhattan Institute. He is married and has a now 11-month-old and a 2-year-old, with intentions to stay right where he is.