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Definition:
This red flag is used to divert your attention from the matter at hand. Politicians will use this tactic when they want to avoid answering questions during a debate or press conference.
Connection:
The video clip below is Lois from family guy during a mayoral debate. In it, not only do they show the opponent using a red herring but Lois then goes on to demonstrate, in typical Family Guy fashion, how it can be used.

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Definition:
Using “mystical energies” to cure what ails a person. Healers will use different techniques like naturopathy, feng shui or toning to try to “balance” the energies in and around you. They will also use words like aura, chakra or bad vibes to catch a person’s interest.
Connection:
The following picture shows a map of a person’s chakra. Those who practise using mystical energy will use the point to balance the energies of their patients.

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Description:
Companies will use “All Natural” to make customers believe their products are healthier for them. Using words like “pure”, “flavoured”, or “nectar” to give the impression that what is in the product doesn’t have any additives or is not processed.
Connection:
Below is a news report completed by ABC News regarding “All Natural” beauty products. In it they examine some of the ingredients listed on these products that can be harmful to users and gives a few examples of what to look for to, hopefully, avoid purchasing these items

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Just because the word "natural" appears on the outside of a beauty product doesn't mean the contents on the inside are natural, according to a year-long investigation by Consumer Reports.

Consumer Reports ShopSmart investigators advise looking past the front of the packaging.

"When we looked at the fine print on many personal-care items, we found several ingredients that concern us, such as coal tar, triclosan, and chemicals that release formaldehyde. Prolonged use of these ingredients may pose an increased risk of cancer or other health issues," said Lisa Lee Freeman with ShopSmart magazine.

For instance, the label on Naturtint hair color products say it's made "with ingredients of natural origin." But, it contains a petroleum-derived coal-tar color called p-phenylenediamine, plus hydrogen peroxide. That combination may be carcinogenic based on preliminary animal studies.

The label on Arm & Hammer deodorant says it has "natural" deodorizers, but it contains triclosan, an antibacterial. It may contribute to bacterial resistance, and animal studies show it's could potentially disrupt hormones that may affect reproductive and developmental health.

There are ingredients like quaternium 15 and DMDM hydantoin in body washes that claim to be "natural" and "nourishing." But when combined with water they can release formaldehyde, which is a human carcinogen if it's inhaled.

"Fortunately, some manufacturers and retailers are taking steps to reduce or eliminate potentially risky ingredients from their personal care products," said Freeman.

The best label to look for in beauty products is USDA organic. Another option, if you shop at Whole Foods, is to look for their "premium body care" seal. Those products are certified free of more than 400 risky ingredients.

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Natural beauty products may not all be safe

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Just because the word "natural" appears on the outside of a beauty product doesn't mean the contents on the inside are natural, according to a year-long investigation by Consumer Reports. Consumer Reports ShopSmart investigators advise looking past the front of the packaging.

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Description:
Using “doctors” or celebrities to promote a product or service. Showing a person in a lab coat in commercials or print ads to give the impression that the product has been tested out by doctors.
Connection:
This is a link to a story about Dr. Oz, a well know T.V. personality. He came under scrutiny regarding the products he was pushing on his show. Most of the products he backed were weight loss supplements that had not been proven to actually work.

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Dr. Oz testifies in a Senate hearing about promoting untested weight loss supplements.

Credit: Senate.gov

Dr. Mehmet Oz has made a name for himself in part by touting "miracle" cures and weight-loss products, but the TV personality is now facing fire from critics for making health claims that are not supported by scientific evidence.

Oz was strongly criticized for his claims about weight-loss supplements in a Senate hearing in June 2014. Now, 10 doctors from around the United States have called for Oz to be removed the faculty of Columbia University in New York, where he is a cardiothoracic surgeon.

Oz will respond to his critics on Thursday (April 22) in an episode of "The Dr. Oz Show." The doctor announced it in a preview of the show that was released on Tuesday evening. The show began in 2009, and will air its 1,000th episode this month.

"I know I've irritated some potential allies in our quest to make America healthy," Oz said on his show on Tuesday, CNN reported. "No matter our disagreements, freedom of speech is the most fundamental right we have as Americans. And these 10 doctors are trying to silence that right."

He added, "We will not be silenced. We will not give in."

Here are a few of the "miracles" that Oz has promoted and the claims he has made over the years. [ Wishful Thinking: 6 'Magic Bullet' Cures That Don't Exist]

1. 'Magic' weight-loss compound

Oz has claimed a long list of products can help people lose weight, but perhaps the most dubious is green coffee extract.

"You may think magic is make-believe, but this little bean has scientists saying they've found the magic weight-loss cure for every body type," Oz said about the supplement in an episode of his show that aired in 2012.

But the only scientific study that supported that claim was funded by the product's manufacturer and has been retracted, the blog Retraction Watch reported in October 2014.

2. GMOs are unhealthy

Oz has also called for the labeling of food made from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The letter from the 10 doctors that calls for Oz's dismissal argued against his "relentless opposition to the genetic engineering of food crops."

Oz has spoken out about the current lack of requirement that foods that contain GMOs be labeled as such. "I do not claim that GMO foods are dangerous, but believe that they should be labeled like they are in most countries around the world," Oz wrote on his Facebook page last week.

But some experts say that labeling GMO foods would needlessly raise public alarm, and that the broad scientific consensus is that these foods are no more harmful than non-GMO foods.

"Foods containing ingredients from genetically modified (GM) crops pose no greater risk than the same foods made from crops modified by conventional plant-breeding techniques," the American Association for the Advancement of Science board of directors said in a statement in 2012.

3. Cure for the common cold

Dr. Oz has touted Umckaloabo Root Extract as a remedy for the common cold.

"It has been incredibly effective at relieving cold symptoms, and a new study shows it helps the flu," Oz said in a video.

There has not been much science to back up the medicinal benefits of this extract, and it can have side effects.

"There is weak evidence that an extract from the root of the plant Pelargonium sidoides could shorten the length of respiratory tract infections and relieve symptoms," according to the National Institutes of Health. "But these extracts can have side effects like stomach and bowel problems."

4. Cure for restless legs

Oz's health claims aren't limited to dietary supplements. He once recommended that people with restless leg syndrome place a bar of lavender soap underneath their bed sheets, suggesting the floral smell may be relaxing.

There have been anecdotal accounts of using soap to cure nightly leg cramps, but no scientific research supports the claim.

5. Teeth whitening

On his show, Dr. Oz has promoted a do-it-yourself method for whitening your teeth: brushing them with a mixture of strawberries and baking soda.

But the method does not actually whiten teeth, and may in fact weaken them, according to a study published in 2014 in the journal Operative Dentistry. When the strawberry-baking soda mixture was applied to extracted human molars for 10 days, it produced no discernible whitening, the researchers found.

The homemade mixture lacked the chemicals hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, which are essential ingredients in tooth-whitening products, according to the American Dental Association.

In addition, strawberries contain a high concentration of citric acid and trace amounts of malic acid, which can degrade teeth.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Dr. Mehmet Oz has made a name for himself in part by touting "miracle" cures and weight-loss products, but the TV personality is now facing fire from critics for making health claims that are not supported by scientific evidence. Oz was strongly criticized for his claims about weight-loss supplements in a Senate hearing in June 2014.

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Description:
Using techniques or ideas from the past to explain or treat ailments now. These ideas and techniques usually have no scientific evidence to back them up, and if they have been tested scientifically have usually been proven to have no affect on treatments (i.e. bloodletting).
Connection:
Many cultures in ancient times believed sacrificing a human to the God(s) would bring good fortune. In this particular video remains are found in a peat field and it is believed the sacrifice was made to ward off the Roman army attack but it was not successful.

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Ancient Human Sacrifice | National Geographic

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Definition:
Its human nature to find patterns where none exist. Michael Shermer has described it as “the tendency to find meaningful patterns in meaningful and meaningless noise.
Connection:
Pareidolia is the actual psychological name for pattern seeking. The pattern can come to a person visually (for example, see a face on the moon) or even through sounds (an example being hidden messages in music). I’ve attached a link to the Wikipedia page that goes fully into this phenomenon.

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The Danish electrical outlet purportedly resembles a happy face.

Pareidolia (; ) is the tendency for perception to impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulous stimulus, usually visual, so that one detects an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none. Pareidolia is a type of apophenia.

Common examples include perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations; seeing faces in inanimate objects; or lunar pareidolia like the Man in the Moon or the Moon rabbit. The concept of pareidolia may extend to include hidden messages in recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds, and hearing voices (mainly indistinct) or music in random noise, such as that produced by air conditioners or by fans.

The word derives from the Greek words (, "beside, alongside, instead [of]") and the noun eídōlon (, "image, form, shape").

The German word Pareidolie was used in articles by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum-for example in his 1866 paper " Die Sinnesdelierien" ("On Delusion of the Senses"). When Kahlbaum's paper was reviewed the following year (1867) in The Journal of Mental Science, Volume 13, Pareidolie was translated into English as "pareidolia", and noted to be synonymous with the terms "...changing hallucination, partial hallucination, [and] perception of secondary images."

Pareidolia is frequent among patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Pareidolia correlates with age but not autism traits.

Pareidolia can cause people to interpret random images, or patterns of light and shadow, as faces. A 2009 magnetoencephalography study found that objects perceived as faces evoke an early (165 ms) activation of the fusiform face area at a time and location similar to that evoked by faces, whereas other common objects do not evoke such activation. This activation is similar to a slightly faster time (130 ms) that is seen for images of real faces. The authors suggest that face perception evoked by face-like objects is a relatively early process, and not a late cognitive reinterpretation phenomenon.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 2011 similarly showed that repeated presentation of novel visual shapes that were interpreted as meaningful led to decreased fMRI responses for real objects. These results indicate that the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli depends upon processes similar to those elicited by known objects.

Pareidolia is the illusory facial recognition in faceless objects. Pareidolia was found to affect brain function and brain waves. In a 2022 study, EEG records show that responses in the frontal and occipitotemporal cortexes begin prior to when one recognizes faces and later when they are not recognized. By displaying these proactive brain waves, scientists can then have a basis for data rather than relying on people's words. After a collection of the data, scientists can develop further information on the people's words.

These studies help to explain why people generally identify a few lines and a circle as a "face" so quickly and without hesitation. Cognitive processes are activated by the "face-like" object which alerts the observer to both the emotional state and identity of the subject, even before the conscious mind begins to process or even receive the information. A "stick figure face", despite its simplicity, can convey mood information, and be drawn to indicate emotions such as happiness or anger. This robust and subtle capability is hypothesized to be the result of natural selection favoring people most able to quickly identify the mental state, for example, of threatening people, thus providing the individual an opportunity to flee or attack pre-emptively. This ability, though highly specialized for the processing and recognition of human emotions, also functions to determine the demeanor of wildlife.[self-published source? ]

Satellite photograph of a mesa in the Cydonia region of Mars, often called the "Face on Mars" and cited as evidence of extraterrestrial habitation

A more detailed photograph taken in different lighting in 2001 shows how it is a natural rock formation.

A mimetolithic pattern is a pattern created by rocks that may come to mimic recognizable forms through the random processes of formation, weathering and erosion. A well-known example is the Face on Mars, a rock formation on Mars that resembled a human face in certain satellite photos. Most mimetoliths are much larger than the subjects they resemble, such as a cliff profile which looks like a human face.

Picture jaspers exhibit combinations of patterns such as banding from flow or depositional patterns (from water or wind), or dendritic or color variations, resulting in what appear to be miniature scenes on a cut section, which is then used for jewelry.

Chert nodules, concretions, or pebbles may in certain cases be mistakenly identified as skeletal remains, egg fossils, or other antiquities of organic origin by amateur enthusiasts.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese researcher Chonosuke Okamura self-published a series of reports titled Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory, in which he described tiny inclusions in polished limestone from the Silurian period (425 mya) as being preserved fossil remains of tiny humans, gorillas, dogs, dragons, dinosaurs and other organisms, all of them only millimeters long, leading him to claim, "There have been no changes in the bodies of mankind since the Silurian period... except for a growth in stature from 3.5 mm to 1,700 mm." Okamura's research earned him an Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prizes) in biodiversity in 1996.

Some sources describe various mimetolithic features on Pluto, including a heart-shaped region.

Seeing shapes in cloud patterns is another example of this phenomenon. Rogowitz and Voss (1990) showed a relationship between seeing shapes in cloud patterns and fractal dimension. They varied the fractal dimension of the boundary contour from 1.2 to 1.8, and found that the lower the fractal dimension, the more likely people were to report seeing namable shapes of animals, faces, and fantasy creatures.

Map of Martian "canals" by Percival Lowell

A notable example of pareidolia occurred in 1877, when observers using telescopes to view the surface of Mars thought that they saw faint straight lines, which were then interpreted by some as canals (see Martian canals). It was theorized that the canals were possibly created by sentient beings. This created a sensation. In the next few years better photographic techniques and stronger telescopes were developed and applied, which resulted in new images in which the faint lines disappeared, and the canal theory was debunked as an example of pareidolia.

The Rorschach inkblot test uses pareidolia in an attempt to gain insight into a person's mental state. The Rorschach is a projective test that elicits thoughts or feelings of respondents that are "projected" onto the ambiguous inkblot images. Rorschach inkblots have low-fractal-dimension boundary contours, which may elicit general shape naming behaviors, serving as the vehicle for projected meanings.

Owing to the way designs are engraved and printed, occurrences of pareidolia have occasionally been reported in banknotes.

One example is the 1954 Canadian Landscape Canadian dollar banknote series, known among collectors for the "Devil's Head" variety of the initial print runs. The obverse of the notes features what appears to be an exaggerated grinning face formed from patterns in the hair of Queen Elizabeth II. The phenomenon generated enough attention for revised designs to be issued in 1956 which removed the effect.

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Renaissance authors have shown a particular interest in pareidolia. In William Shakespeare's play , for example, the titular character points at the sky and "demonstrates" his supposed madness in this exchange with Polonius:

Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a short story called The Great Stone Face in which a face seen in the side of a mountain is revered by a village.

Renaissance artists often used pareidolia in paintings and drawings: Andrea Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Giotto, Hans Holbein, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, and many more have shown images-often human faces-that due to pareidolia appear in objects or clouds.

The Jurist by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1566. What appears to be his face is a collection of fish and poultry, while his body is a collection of books dressed in a coat.

In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote of pareidolia as a device for painters, writing:

If you look at any walls spotted with various stains or with a mixture of different kinds of stones, if you are about to invent some scene you will be able to see in it a resemblance to various different landscapes adorned with mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, plains, wide valleys, and various groups of hills. You will also be able to see divers combats and figures in quick movement, and strange expressions of faces, and outlandish costumes, and an infinite number of things which you can then reduce into separate and well conceived forms.

Salem by Sydney Curnow Vosper (1908), a painting notorious for the belief that the face of the devil was hidden in the main character's shawl

In twentieth century art Salem, a 1908 painting by Sydney Curnow Vosper, gained notoriety due to a rumour that it contained a hidden face, that of the devil. This led many commentators to visualize a demonic face depicted in the shawl of the main figure, despite the artist's denial that any faces had deliberately been painted into the shawl.

Surrealist artists such as Salvador Dalí would intentionally use pareidolia in their works, often in the form of a hidden face.

Illusory woman in the Niğde Alaaddin Mosque portal

Two 13th-century edifices in Turkey display architectural use of shadows of stone carvings at the entrance. Outright pictures are avoided in Islam but tessellations and calligraphic pictures were allowed, so designed "accidental" silhouettes of carved stone tessellations became a creative escape.

Niğde Alaaddin Mosque in Niğde, Turkey (1223), with its "mukarnas" art where the shadows of three-dimensional ornamentation with stone masonry around the entrance form a chiaroscuro drawing of a woman's face with a crown and long hair appearing at a specific time, at some specific days of the year.

Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, Turkey (1229), shows shadows of the three-dimensional ornaments of both entrances of the mosque part, to cast a giant shadow of a praying man that changes pose as the sun moves, as if to illustrate what the purpose of the building is. Another detail is the difference in the impressions of the clothing of the two shadow-men indicating two different styles, possibly to tell who is to enter through which door.

There have been many instances of perceptions of religious imagery and themes, especially the faces of religious figures, in ordinary phenomena. Many involve images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, the word Allah, or other religious phenomena: in September 2007 in Singapore, for example, a callus on a tree resembled a monkey, leading believers to pay homage to the "Monkey god" (either Sun Wukong or Hanuman) in the monkey tree phenomenon.

Publicity surrounding sightings of religious figures and other surprising images in ordinary objects has spawned a market for such items on online auctions like eBay. One famous instance was a grilled cheese sandwich with the face of the Virgin Mary.

During the September 11 attacks, television viewers supposedly saw the face of Satan in clouds of smoke billowing out of the World Trade Center after it was struck by the airplane. Another example of face recognition pareidolia originated in the fire at Notre Dame Cathedral, when a few observers claimed to see Jesus in the flames.

While attempting to validate the imprint of a crucified man on the Shroud of Turin as Jesus Christ, a variety of objects have been described as being visible on the linen. These objects include a number of plant species, a coin with Roman numerals, and multiple insect species. In an experimental setting using a picture of plain linen cloth, participants told that there could possibly be visible words in the cloth collectively saw 2 religious words, those told that the cloth was of some religious importance saw 12 religious words, and those who were also told that it was of religious importance, but also given suggestions of possible religious words, saw 37 religious words. The researchers posit that the reason the Shroud has been said to have so many different symbols and objects is because it was already deemed to have the imprint of Jesus Christ prior to the search for symbols and other imprints in the cloth, and therefore it was simply pareidolia at work.

Given an image of jellyfish swimming, the DeepDream program can be encouraged to "see" dogs.

Pareidolia can occur in computer vision, specifically in image recognition programs, in which vague clues can spuriously detect images or features. In the case of an artificial neural network, higher-level features correspond to more recognizable features, and enhancing these features brings out what the computer sees. These examples of pareidolia reflect the training set of images that the network has "seen" previously.

Striking visuals can be produced in this way, notably in the DeepDream software, which falsely detects and then exaggerates features such as eyes and faces in any image. The features can be further exaggerated by creating a feedback loop where the output is used as the input for the network. (The adjacent image was created by iterating the loop 50 times.) Additionally the output can be modified such as slightly zooming in to create an animation of the images perspective flying through the surrealistic imagery.

In 1971 Konstantīns Raudive wrote Breakthrough, detailing what he believed was the discovery of electronic voice phenomena (EVP). EVP has been described as auditory pareidolia. Allegations of backmasking in popular music, in which a listener claims a message has been recorded backward onto a track meant to be played forward, have also been described as auditory pareidolia. In 1995, the psychologist Diana Deutsch invented an algorithm for producing phantom words and phrases with the sounds coming from two stereo loudspeakers, one to the listener's left and the other to his right, producing a phase offset in time between the speakers. After listening for a while, phantom words and phrases suddenly emerge, and these often appear to reflect what is on the listener's mind.

Medical education, radiology images

Cross-section of male nematode worm Ascaris

Medical educators sometimes teach medical students and resident physicians (doctors in training) to use pareidolia and patternicity to learn to recognize human anatomy on radiology imaging studies.

Examples include assessing radiographs (X-ray images) of the human vertebral spine. Patrick Foye, M.D., professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, has written that pareidolia is used to teach medical trainees to assess for spinal fractures and spinal malignancies (cancers). When viewing spinal radiographs, normal bony anatomic structures resemble the face of an owl. (The spinal pedicles resemble an owl's eyes and the spinous process resembles an owl's beak.) But when cancer erodes the bony spinal pedicle, the radiographic appearance changes such that now that eye of the owl seems missing or closed, which is called the "winking owl sign". Another common pattern is a "Scottie dog sign" on a spinal X-ray.

In 2021, Foye again published in the medical literature on this topic, in a medical journal article called "Baby Yoda: Pareidolia and Patternicity in Sacral MRI and CT Scans". Here, he introduced a novel way of visualizing the sacrum when viewing MRI magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans (computed tomography scans). He noted that in certain image slices the human sacral anatomy resembles the face of "Baby Yoda" (also called Grogu), a fictional character from the television show The Mandalorian. Sacral openings for exiting nerves (sacral foramina) resemble Baby Yoda's eyes, while the sacral canal resembles Baby Yoda's mouth.

Many internet memes about Among Us exploit pareidolia, by showing everyday items that look similar to crewmates from the game.

In January 2017, an anonymous user placed an eBay auction of a Cheeto that looked like the gorilla Harambe. Bidding began at , but the Cheeto was eventually sold for US$99,000.

Starting from 2021, an internet meme emerged around , where users presented everyday items such as dogs, statues, garbage cans, big toes, and pictures of the Boomerang Nebula that looked like the game's "crewmate" protagonists. In May 2021, an eBay user named Tav listed a Chicken McNugget shaped like a crewmate from Among Us for online auction. The Chicken McNugget was sold for US$99,997 to an anonymous buyer.

A shadow person (also known as a shadow figure, shadow being or black mass) is often attributed to pareidolia. It is the perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure, particularly as interpreted by believers in the paranormal or supernatural as the presence of a spirit or other entity.

Pareidolia is also what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have seen ghosts.

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Pareidolia (; ) is the tendency for perception to impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulous stimulus, usually visual, so that one detects an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none. Pareidolia is a type of apophenia.

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Definition:
The simple definition for this would be people believe because they want to believe. There is no scientific evidence that actually proves the existence of ghost, yet many people will still watch paranormal shows or go to a psychic.
Connection:
This video shows a variety of different, unexplainable events occurring. Instead of actually investigating what is causing these particular events to happen they all get explained away as “paranormal encounters”.

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Demonic Paranormal Encounters Caught on Tape - holytext.org

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http://holytext.org/gospel There is no such thing as ghosts, only demons.

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Reason for Belief #3 - Perception and Observation

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Reason for Belief #3 - Perception and Observation

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Definition:
What you see and what you can recall may not be the same and our past experiences skew our perceptions.
Connection:
There are people who are sent to jail because of eye witness testimonies that are completely innocent. The following video shows how quickly what we see can be forgotten or changed.

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Brain Games- Eyewitness Inaccuracy, Source Monitoring Error, and Misinformation Effect

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Uploaded by Professor Ross on 2014-06-18.