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On Friday, June 8th 2007 the Pasha Bulker or now known as Drake, ran aground Nobby's Beach, Newcastle. A storm had brewed overnight with torrential rain and extremely strong gusts of wind. Early in the morning the Newcastle Port Corporation radioed the 56 ships waiting off the coast and warned them to move out to sea. The Pasha Bulker was one of the last to do so and by the time the storm hit, the bulk carrier could not clear the coast. It was left on the beautiful beach for four weeks until a Danish company was given the great operation of floating the ship. It took three tug boats to do so.

The storm killed nine people including a family of five and with $1.5 billion repair costs to New South Wales second city.

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There are 8000 registered shipwrecks that surround the coast of Australia. Some of these wrecks ranging from 400 years old to present. With only 2000 actually located, it is difficult for researchers or geographers to study these once active vessels.

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Major Trade Routes Of The Indian & Pacific Oceans

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Major Trade Routes Of The Indian & Pacific Oceans

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There are six major ocean transport routes;

The North Atlantic Route

The Cape of Good Hope Route

The Mediterranean Suez Asiatic Route

The Panama Canal West Indian Central American Route

The South Atlantic Route

The Trans Pacific Route:

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Many of the dangers that early mariners faced in the past are non existent now due to great discoveries and improvements in technology and marine skills to ensure survival.

Winter
In colder environments and seas in Europe and North America, the Winter season affected crews on the ships in past history. An example is the first French colony started by Samuel de Champlain in Quebec saw only nine of 32 settlers survive the first winter.

Lost at Sea
Early mariners had poor navigation and mapping skills on the vessels meaning it was very easy to get lost at sea. There have been many cases of ships and boats being hit by storms, hurricanes and heavy ocean activity moving the crewmen into unknown waters. This than can lead to needs for repairs and replenishing of supplies such as food, water and other resources. If not rescued in time, it was a race against time and their death.

Disease
Disease was the major factor of  the many who died in first settlements and convict transportation all over the world. These diseases included; scurvy, measles, dysentery, sea sickness, stomach upsets and fever. In beginning years, hygiene and the cleanliness of vessels was terrible. Over time this became better, with surprisingly over a few dying on the voyages. On the first fleet to Australia, surgeons who were first there for the ship masters were later employed for the sole responsibility of keeping the well being and health of the prisoners aboard.

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Locate Known Shipwreck Treasures On The Australian Map

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Locate Known Shipwreck Treasures On The Australian Map

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Some suggest that there are 1600 small and large shipwrecks located on Western Australia's coast. It it estimated that around 1300 of these contain physical and historical treasures. This population of shipwrecks lie undiscovered on the bottom of the seafloor. Some vessels have been purposely sunk because they are not 'sea worthy' anymore whilst others due to cyclones, wild storms and unknown existing shallow reefs. The treasure in the ships or fishing boats is usually called 'booty'.  This 'booty' including pieces of eight, gold sovereigns and diamonds, said to be a 'treasure coast'.

Among the vessels, the oldest one is named the "Trial", holding Spanish cargo that was enroute to  from Plymouth to Batavia. The ship wrecked on a reef close to the Montebello Islands in 1622, approximately 100 sailors on board lost their lives. Just like this wreck, there are many others that were holding precious cargo that was to be delivered to different places. Although, because of disastrous matters there are many artifacts and valuables that remain undiscovered, another point of the ocean that is left to be studied.

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The Titanic is one of the most famous and well known shipwrecks of all time. This is partly due to media platforms such as movies and books have been made to tell the story of the great disaster.

The Titanic was the largest cruise ships of it's time. It was built in Ireland at the Harland and Wolff shipyard. Unfortunately when the ship made it's first journey, it collided with an iceberg 600 kilometres south of the island Newfoundland. One of the largest marine tradegies, 1517 losing their lives.

Since then there has been a lot of work been done to preserve the wreck for the carrying out of discovery and education about the event. Many artifacts have been taken and placed in museums for important learning pieces of the ordeal.

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Australian Geographic, https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2011/03/historic-shipwrecks-around-australia/,20/09/18

Watoday, https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/up-to-1300-shipwrecks-lie-undiscovered-on-sea-floor-off-was-treasure-coast-20160121-gmbdn5.html, 5/11/18

Marine Insight, https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/10-famous-shipwrecks-in-the-world/,18/10/18

ABC, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-08/pasha-bulker-anniversary-10-years-since-coal-ship-ran-aground/8596360,18/10/18

VCP, http://vcp.e2bn.org/justice/page11383-at-sea-the-voyage-and-conditions-on-board.html,22/10/18

Exam Race, https://www.examrace.com/Study-Material/Geography/World-Geography/Ocean-transport-Major-trade-routes.html,22/10/18