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-large plantation owners controlled much of southern society
-family-centered

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-based on agriculture
-cash crops were cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo
-supported by slave labor

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-steam boats
-railroads

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-lived on farms in spread out communities
-small towns developed along rivers and coasts
-only a few large cities developed as trading centers

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-twelve million people in 1860
-3.5 million enslaved people
-most in South were small farmers
-only 1/4 of Southeners owned slaves.

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-fertile soil
-broad, slow rivers
-Appalachian Mountains
-vast areas of farmland

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-warm summers
-mild winters
-much rain