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Featured Teaching Kits

Teacher-approved stories, resources, and worksheets for teaching about the United States Constitution in your classroom, courtesy of Junior Scholastic, the middle school Social Studies classroom magazine

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The Constitution | Free Middle School Teaching Resources

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Featured Teaching Kits Teacher-approved stories, resources, and worksheets for teaching about the United States Constitution in your classroom, courtesy of Junior Scholastic, the middle school Social Studies classroom magazine

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Organization theory: Organization theory, a large and multidisciplinary body of scholarly work that focuses on understanding organizations. Most of the work in organization theory has been written by scholars in the disciplines of sociology, business management, and economics. They have focused most of their attention

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Unit 3 - Developing Community Skills for Public Administration 

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Unit 3 - Developing Community Skills for Public Administration 

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Definition, Meaning and Nature:

Communication is another administrative process and in the absence of communication the function of the organisation will reach practically a full stop. Simon has said: "Without communication there can be no organisation, for there is no possibility of group influencing the behaviour of the individual." The administration of an organisation is a continuous process and it is the function of the communicative system to maintain this continuity. We can therefore say that communication makes administration mobile. Let us quote another definition: Communication is the process of establishing commonness through the movement of ideas, thoughts and feelings etc. from one to another or between groups of persons. In other words, it is an exchange of facts, thoughts, information, emotions resulting in a shared understanding (The Statesman, Kolkata edition, 15.11.1993).

Karl W Deutsch is a renowned authority on the concept of communication. In his opinion, "The communication means the transfer of messages containing quantities of information" According to Dentoch communication is a type of channel through which messages or information or directions pass from one stage or group of organisation to another. Even assessment or emotions pass through the channel and this comes to be treated as communication.

Hence we are of opinion that the system of communication does not pass only news from one branch or stage to another branch or stage. What is essentially required for the general welfare or betterment of an organisation comes under the broad umbrella of communication. Communication is a type of give and take or in other words exchange of news and views.

In a different context Harold Lasswell in his Structure and Function of Communication in Society has made the following remark about communication. He says: Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect. Though Laosswell said this in the background of communication and its immense importance in society the same idea can conveniently be applied to public administration and organisation.

An important aspect or nature of communication is beginning from the top executive to an ordinary member of the organisation-all communicate their views and opinions among themselves and, in this way, every organisation functions. Naturally we can say that communication is a process and the communicated information or opinion is a thing. We thus find that, in communication, both the process and communicated thing work simultaneously.

The word common is the central aspect of communication. This is revealed in the origin of the word. The word communication is derived from the Latin word communis and communis is derived from communo. Some scholars say that the real origin of the word communication is communis. In all the cases the meaning is common. The communication removes the barriers that are found among various sections of the organisation. Hence commonness stands at the central position of the organisation and communication makes it possible.

Through the process of communication an organisation works in a united way and form. The members exchange views among themselves. It is to be noted here that the process is always continuous because the functions of the organisation are also continuous.' Both function and communication work continuously. Continuity is the special feature of all types of organisation.

The communication is a process, but it is never a one-way process. An organisation is divided into a number of sections or departments and the information is always communicated among all the departments. For example, a department or an officer receives information from higher authority regarding a particular issue and the receiving section sends its opinion to the department or person concerned.

In the system of communication the method of feedback always works. When a man receives information it is his primary duty to send a reply or information and, in this way, communication system works. As there is commonness in communication there is also continuity in it. The communication will end with the death of organisation.

The communication is also an act of imparting news/information. Information is always exchanged among the employees. In this sense, communication is a type. It is said that the structure of the organisation is generally called a milieu.

It is said that any organisation has two types of relation -one is work or functioning of the organisation and the other is personal relationship among the employees. Both these relations are present and active. The employees give importance to these two relations. It is to be remembered that the functional aspect cannot work quite successfully without the personal relation. The experts of administration have emphasised that the personal relation is sometimes more important than the non-personal one. The personal relation provides inspiration to the productive process.

The communication is a continuous process which implies that when an information goes from one department to another, the receiving department cannot sit idly ignoring it. The concerned department must inform its assessment or reaction to the sender and in this way the information system works continuously. It is a very important aspect of the system of communication.

Communication plays a very important role in the functioning of the organisation. Changes are taking place continuously in the environment and the impact of these changes simultaneously reacts upon the administration political system. In other words, the authority responds to any news or action and this response is conveyed through the machinery of communication system.

In the fifties of the last century David Easton introduced the idea that political system is an open system which means that the environment influences the political system and, in turn, political system, in one way or other, influences the environment. In this way the political system works. Needless to say that public administration is a part and parcel of the whole political system. It is, therefore, quite natural that the influence of environment will fall on public administration and, at the same time, it will activate the system of communication.

The concept of feedback also works in the system of communication. Feedback means: information given in response to a product, a person's performance of a task etc. I have given here the COD meaning of feedback and this meaning prevails everywhere. The feedback system works in an organisation through the network of communication. In this age of developed technology, internet system makes the communication network very easy and effective, but this has not eroded the importance's of communication. Rather globalisation is making more and more vital part of public administration and organisation.

Importance:

Communication is not simply a part of public administration or an organisation; rather, it is a vital part of organisation. The administration of government or any organisation is highly complex and the body of administration is increasing with the progress of time. In order to cope with this situation the public administration must prepare itself. Normally, the system of communication must be prepared.

The communication has a special role to play in the field of human relations which is the main part of communication. At this stage we remember a remark of the German poet Goethe. If you treat an individual as he is, he will stay as he is. But if you treat him as if he were, what he ought to be and he could be he will become what the ought to be and he could be. It is the communication that makes man what he ought to be. Through the mechanism of communication man can develop his inner qualities. He becomes more and more eligible for it.

The input-output system works in the public administration very effectively. In a democratic form of system people place their demands before the chief executive and he communicates these to the appropriate section for consideration and necessary action. In the next stage the latter communicates its views to the original place. The output-input mechanism in this way functions beautifully. Walter Bagehot in his famous work The British Constitution has beautifully analysed how input-output mechanism works in Britain's democratic framework. This is also a clear example of communication system.

We have talked about the communication system of public administration and organisation. But it is also a very important phenomenon of democracy. To be more specific, it is one of the chief pillars of democracy. If it breaks down, democracy will face severe problems.

Modern age is called the age of globalisation. In this age the whole world has become a village and we call it the world village. The world is becoming smaller and smaller and the system of communication makes it possible. In the twinkling of an eye a message can be sent from one end of the globe to the other. So this is our communication mechanism. Few multinational corporations are controlling the economy and industrial system of almost all the countries and this they do through the mechanism of communication. Few superpowers are controlling the politics, economy and other important aspects and this they are doing through ever-developing communication. Even the remotest corner of the world has come nearer to the epicentre of world system and, needless to say, that the credit should invariably go to the communication mechanism.

Previously it was presumed that in liberal political system communication works efficiently and quite freely. Today even in autocratic political system the importance of communication has not declined at all. Trade, commerce and industry are the backbones of the economy and without communication these cannot function not to speak of development. Communication does' not possess any political colour. The erstwhile Soviet Union strictly followed the capitalist system of administration and the organisations of the communist states followed the main principles of the capitalist mode of administration.

Even the existence of Weberian bureaucratic model in former Soviet Union and other communist states does not at all surprise us. The fact is that the system of communication knows no political colour, recognises no geographical boundaries. In this age of internet and computer we are well-versed with the terms such as BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) and KPO (Knowledge Process Outsourcing).

Forms of Communication:

There are mainly two forms of communication-formal and informal. The formal communication is based on certain written rules and regulations or centrally determined rules and all these must be strictly observed or maintained. Any change must be preceded by permission of appropriate authority. The formal communication is the central feature of governmental administration. Formal communication is also prevalent in an administrative system characterised by hierarchy.

There are various stages in public administration and what the executive of one section will do and what he cannot do are clearly stated and, normally, he cannot violate their rule. Another aspect of formal communication the movement of order or direction takes place formally or in writing. Personal liking or disliking has nothing to do with the formal communication.

Herbert Simon maintained that the public administration of a country can never be fully run by formal communication alone. There is a good deal of importance of informal communication. An administration cannot be efficiently managed only by formal communication. It must be supplemented by informal mode of administration. In a changing world, everything cannot be predicted or foreseen.

In order to combat new problem or situation a quick decision is to be taken which negates the formal rules and procedures. But for the better and prosperous management informal method requires to be adopted. This temporary arrangement does not cast any doubt upon the formal aspects of communication. To sum up, for the well-management of both public administration and organisation, both formal and informal communication are necessary.

Purposes of Communication:

P. C. Tripathi and D. N. Reddy in their Principles of Management has pointed out the following purposes of management:

1. In order to increase managerial efficiency communication is necessary.

2. For industrial peace cooperation is required and communication ensures this.

3. Communication helps coordination among various departments of an organisation.

4. Communication helps the employees to acquire effective knowledge about various branches and aspects of organisation.

5. Communication is necessary for acquiring knowledge and function of the organisation.

6. With the help of communication employees come to be acquainted with the decision-making process. It is because the decision-making affairs are not the functions of any particular person. All the employees of the organisation are involved in this affair.

7. It helps people to know how the decision-making process works.

8. It makes employees responsible. He comes to know that he has something to do in the working of the organisation. This will encourage him to take interest in the affairs of organisation.

9. It sometimes obliterates the gap or difference between upper and lower ranks.

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Communication : Meaning and Purpose | Public Administration

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ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this article to learn about the meaning, importance, forms and purpose of communication in public administration. Definition, Meaning and Nature: Communication is another administrative process and in the absence of commu­nication the function of the organisation will reach practically a full stop. Simon has said: "Without communication there can be no organisation, for ...

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Teenagers are notorious for poor decision-making. Of course that is inevitable, given that their brains are still developing, and they have had relatively little life experience to show them how to predict what works and what doesn't. Unfortunately, what doesn't work may have more emotional appeal, and most of us at any age are more susceptible to our emotions than cold, hard logic.

Seniors also are prone to poor decision-making if senility has set in. Unscrupulous people take advantage of such seniors because a brain that is deteriorating has a hard time making wise decisions.

In between teenage and senility is when the brain is at its peak for good decision making. Wisdom comes with age, up to a point. Some Eastern cultures venerate their old people as generally being especially wise. After all, it you live long enough, and are still mentally healthy, you ought to make good decisions because you have a lifetime of experience to teach you what future choices are likely to work and which are not.

Much of that knowledge comes from learning from one's mistakes. On the other hand, some people, regardless of age, can't seem to learn from their mistakes. Most of the time the problem is not stupidity but a flawed habitual process by which one is motivated to make wise decisions and evaluate options. Best of all is learning from somebody else's mistakes, so you don't have to make them yourself.

Learning from your mistakes can be negative, if you fret about it. Learning what you can do to avoid repeating a mistake is one thing, but dwelling on it erodes one's confidence and sense of self worth. I can never forget the good advice I read from, of all people, T. Boone Pickens. He was quoted in an interview as saying that he was able to re-make his fortune on multiple occasions because he didn't dwell on losing the fortunes. He credited that attitude to his college basketball coach who told the team after each defeat, "Learn from your mistakes, but don't dwell on them. Learn from what you did right and do more of that."

It would help if we knew how the brain made decisions, so we could train it to operate better. "Decision neuroscience " is an emerging field of study aimed at how learning how brains make decisions and how to optimize the process. Neuroscientists seemed to have honed in on two theories, both of which deal with how the brain handles the processing of alternate options to arrive at a decision.

One theory is that each option is processed in its own competing pool of neurons. As processing evolves, the activity in each pool builds up and down as each pool competes for dominance. At some point, activity builds up in one of the pools to reach a threshold, in winner-take-all fashion, to allow the activity in that pool to dominate and issue the appropriate decision commands to the parts of the brain needed for execution. As one possible example, two or more pools of neurons separately receive input that reflects the representation of different options. Each pool sends an output to another set of neurons that feed back either excitatory or inhibitory influences, thus providing a way for competition among pools to select the pool that eventually dominates because it has built up more impulse activity than the others.

The other theory is based on guided gating wherein input to pools of decision-making neurons is gated to regulate how much excitatory influence can accumulate in each given pool. [1] The specific routing paths involve inhibitory neurons that shut down certain routes, thus preferentially routing input to a preferred accumulating circuit. The route is biased by estimated salience of each option, current emotional state, memories of past learning, and the expected reward value for the outcome of each option.

These decision-making possibilities involve what is called "integrate and fire." That is, input to all relevant pools of neurons accumulates and leads to various levels of firing in each pool. The pool firing the most is most likely to dominate the output, that is, the decision.

However circuits make decisions, there is considerable evidence that nerve impulse representations for each given choice option simultaneously code for expected outcome and reward value. These value estimates update on the fly.[2] Networks containing these representations compete to arrive at a decision.

Any choice among alternative options is affected by how much information for each option the brain has to work on. When the brain is consciously trying to make a decision, this often means how much relevant information the brain can hold in working memory. Working memory is notoriously low-capacity, so the key becomes remembering the sub-sets of information that are the most relevant to each option. Humans think with what is in their working memory. Experiments have shown that older people are more likely to hold the most useful information in working memory, and therefore they can think more effectively. The National Institute of Aging began funding decision-making research in 2010 at Stanford University's Center on Longevity. Results of their research are showing that older people often make better decisions than younger people.

As one example, older people are more likely to make rational cost-benefit analyses. Older people are more likely to recognize when they have made a bad investment and walk away rather than throwing more good money after bad.

A key factor seems to be that older people are more selective about what they remember. For example, one study from the Stanford Center compared the ability of young and old people to remember a list of words. Not surprisingly, younger people remembered more words, but when words were assigned a number value, with some words being more valuable than others, older people were better at remembering high-value words and ignoring low-value words. It seems that older people selectively remember what is important, which should make it easier to make better decisions.

Decision-making skills are important of learning achievement in school. Students need to know how to focus in general, and focus on what is most relevant in particular. They are not learning that skill, and their multi-tasking culture is teaching them many bad habits.

Those of us who care deeply about educational development of youngsters need to push our schools to address the thinking and learning skills of students. "Teaching to the test" detracts from time spent in teaching what matters most. Today's culture of multi-tasking is making matters worse. Children don't learn how to attend selectively and intensely to the most relevant information, because they are distracted by superficial attention to everything. Despite their daily use of Apple computers and smart phones, only one college student out of 85 could draw the Apple logo correctly.[3]

Memory training is generally absent from teacher training programs. Despite my locally well-publicized experience in memory training, no one in the College of Education at my university has ever asked me to share my knowledge with their faculty or with pre-service teachers. The paradox is that teachers are trained to help students remember curricular answers for high-stakes tests. What could be more important than learning how to decide what to remember and how to remember it? And we wonder why student performance is so poor?

"Memory Medic" is author of Memory Power 101 (Skyhorse) and Better Grades, Less Effort (Benecton).

[1]Purcell, B. A.; Heitz, R. P.; Cohen, J. Y.; Schall, et al. (2010). Neurally constrained modeling of perceptual decision making. Psychological Review, 117(4), 1113-1143.

[2] McCoy, A. N., and Platt, M. L. (2005). Expectations and outcomes: decision-making in the primate brain. J. Comp. Physiol A 191, 201-211.

[3] Blake, Adam B., Nazarian, Meenely, and Castel, Alan D. (2015). The Apple of the mind's eye: Everyday attention, metamemory, and reconstructive memory for the Apple logo. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2015; 1 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.1002798

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Teenagers are notorious for poor decision-making. Of course that is inevitable, given that their brains are still developing, and they have had relatively little life experience to show them how to predict what works and what doesn't. Unfortunately, what doesn't work may have more emotional appeal, and most of us at any age are more susceptible to our emotions than cold, hard logic.

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This is the first installment of a monthly column dedicated to exploring the connections between public administration and community development. Through this column, I hope to highlight the work in public administration that is focused on development and encourage our scholars to be engaged with other fields doing community development research. Community development is a broad area. A normal workday may have a community developer working on downtown revitalization in the morning and affordable housing by the afternoon. A community developer's professional life is filled with diverse tasks; so, this column will also cover many topics. Future installments will explore how public administration scholars can help guide practitioners on issues of infrastructure capital, financial capital, cultural capital, and political capital in their communities. But first, we need to define community development and make a short case for its importance as an area of interest in public administration.
What is community development?
Community development is about the betterment of social, political, and economic institutions in our nation's communities. When measured in spending and employment, community development is a significant function of our state and local governments:

According to the Census, community development and housing expenditures for our state and local governments totaled around $53 billion in 2010.

Local governments employed around 104,000 individuals in community development and housing jobs in 2010.

However, these numbers do not adequately capture the work that is being done to develop our communities. For one, a great amount of community development work is done by nonprofits. The federal government plays a large role as well by funding a significant portion of development in our nation. Since 1974, the Community Development Block Grant (GDBG) program has represented a commitment to improving our communities. Today, the program totals around $5 billion each fiscal year. These grants send funds to many areas of local government, with most of the spending going to infrastructure and housing. Most importantly, however, is the fact that a majority of the expenditures of our governments, from public safety to transportation, are related to community development in some manner. If development is viewed as the betterment of communities, this encompasses most, if not all, areas of government, especially at the local level.
A Role for Public Administration
Even with community development so intertwined with our public organizations, public administration has largely allowed economics, sociology, urban planning, and other disciplines to dominate the community development discussion. We in public administration should be more involved in moving the scholarship and practical discourse concerning development. Public administration, for instance, can add to the discussion by offering our understanding of administrative design and implementation.

Like many governmental functions, community development is often done in networks. Public administration has developed a wealth of literature on how networks function. But, the tool of network analysis is not well known among many scholars and practitioners. Public administration has been one of the most active fields at devising network theories of governance, and these theories can help community developers. In a 2005 article in Public Administration Review, Keith Provan and his coauthors argue that network analysis can help communities deal with administrative issues in the areas of health care, social services, human resources, and economic development-all areas that deal with the betterment of communities. Within the area of economic development, work by Roberto Gallardo uses network theory from public administration to better understand the role of government in regional development. Public administration, by playing a larger role in the community development discussion, can bring its valuable network research into the conversation. To do this, we need to talk more with community development specialists in other fields.

Many practitioners are already doing this, and viewing their work as public administration. For instance, in a recent article published in The Review of Regional Studies, my colleagues and I found that a large plurality (47%) of the directors of local economic development organizations in Kentucky viewed their jobs as public administration not business administration. Scholars, teaching future public managers, are also realizing the importance of community development to public administration. Many Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs, accredited by the National Association of Schools in Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA), have community development concentrations as part of their curricula. In my MPA program at Eastern Kentucky University (EKU), we have had such a concentration for years, and we teach in community development in a holistic way by encouraging our students to think on the connections with other fields of study. In order to prepare future managers, we need to encourage more community development course offerings in our MPA programs and more scholarship on the topic.
The Start of a Discussion
My main goal for the column is to hopefully start a discussion in our discipline, among practitioners and scholars, about the future of community development and how we can advance a multiple discipline approach for studying development. We are living in an era of declining budgets with significant declines in public employment, especially at the state and local levels, and this austerity is harming vital local government services. President Obama, who has a background as a community organizer, along with Congress has cut funding for key development programs, such as Community Development Block Grants. But given his campaign rhetoric, Governor Romney, if elected today, would also pursue fiscal policies that would take funds away from our community development programs. In a situation of such fiscal uncertainty, it is time that public administration claims a greater role in community development to help this vital function survive and better our communities. Next month, we will continue the discussion by examining the assets model of community development and the ways that public administration can contribute to this normative approach. In the meantime, please leave comments, so we can start the discussion on public administration and community development today.

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William Hatcher is an assistant professor of political science in the Department of Government at Eastern Kentucky University where he teaches courses in the department's Master of Public Administration program. His research concerns implementation effectiveness of community planning, fiscal planning at the local government level, and general issues in community development. He is the current Chair of the Board of Adjustment for Richmond, Kentucky.

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The Importance of Public Administration in Community Development Scholarship and Practice - PA TIMES Online

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By William Hatcher This is the first installment of a monthly column dedicated to exploring the connections between public administration and community development. Through this column, I hope to highlight the work in public administration that is focused on development and encourage our scholars to be engaged with other fields doing community development research.

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Welcome all Public Administration students,academicians,enthusiasts & colleagues. A blog for everything Public Administration.

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Today we begin with what is Public Administration. The definition,nature and scope of this complex and very young discipline.
To begin with, Public Administration though practiced through time immemorial ( it is as old as humanity) on all parts of the earth,recently carved an identity for itself a few decades back as a seperate discipline.
It swirled into the limelight through Woodrow Wilson's controversial paper in the Political Science Quarterly ( Journal) in 1887 that advocated a seperate field of study for the art and science of Public Administration since Political Science did not have the answers to many questions of Public Administration. He advocated a comparative study of public administration with other nations to know our strengths and weaknesses of Public Administration as being practiced in US at that point in time. He asserted that if US wanted to become the best then it had to get skilled in the art and techniques of public administration by making it more businesslike and totally cut off from the interference of the political executive who knew nothing about the technicalities of implementation of public policy.

This was called the era of the politics-administration dichotomy(divide) that continued till the 1920's.

Thus began a spate of theories that helped in the evolution of Public Administration as a seperate discipline and matter of great research and analysis.

Now since today we are to talk about the basics we will proceed with the stages of evolution of the discipline of Public Administration in my next blog.

Definition:
Public Administration is the State Administration or Government Administration. Here Public is used as a synonym for Govt/State and not in the traditional sense of the word 'public'. So it is the govt's administration activities in process i.e. implementation of all its programmes and policies as well as other routine jobs. It is the management of the state/govt affairs at all levels - national,state and local. It is the govt. in action that implements and realises the purposes and goals. It is run by bureaucrats working under various ministries/departments.

Nigro &amp; Nigro sum up Public Administration as follows:

It is a co-operative group effort in a public setting.

Has an important role in public policy formulation

covers all three branches of the govt./state - i.e. executive,legislature and judicial.

different from private administration(profit oriented businesses)

is closely associated with private groups and people in providing services to the community smoothly and directly.

Is non-polictical though operating in a political system.

deals with goal achievement of the govt,the sovereign will of the people's interests and laws.

It is interdisciplinary in nature as in it draws from many other social sciences and their theories like sociology,psychology,economics,law,etc.

NATURE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRAION:
Nature means the type or main characteristic of something and what is to be expected from it as per its behaviour/nature.
Public administration's nature and the study concerning it approaches it through two views: Integral view and Managerial view.

Both are quite plain to understand. The Integral view states that Public Administration is each and every activity that is performed in an organization working towards a particular goal of the stae/govt. This means right from the top managerial officers to the very bottom manual workers,all are part of public administration as a process.

On the other hand the Managerial view only takes into account the managerial activities of an organization.
It is bothered only about the activities that get things done instead of doing things(as stated in integral view).

Now you have to understand that both of these views are necessary and hold water in particular organizations.

The integral approach is suited for the postal dept since over there everybody from the top job to the post man's job is of importance. Whereas the mangerial view can be applied to each and every organizations, since POSDCORB ( Planning,organising,staffing,directing,co-ordinatinating,reporting and budgeting) activities as prescribed by Luther Gulick are present in every organization.

SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:
As a activity and a discipline(area of study) Public Administration entails the following processes:

Luther Gulick's POSDCORB(already explained above) activities of an organization.

Walker's Administrative theory - that studies the structures,organisations,functions and methods of all types of public authorities at all levels. And the APPLIED ADMINISTRATION which studies the exec-legislative relationship and minister-official relationship,delegated legislation,preperation of budget by officials,educational administration,military administration,social policies,economic activities of the govt.,foreign policy,problems and techniques of imperial domination over other nations and local administration.

Pfifner - he talks about management of personnel,public financing and administrative accountabilty to the people throught their ministers alongwith the abovementioned.

SUBJECT MATTER VIEW: Certain organizations cannot follow the straightjacket formula and way of functioning as listed above as their subject matter is totally different,like for example the police department and intelligence bureaus have their own procedures and techniques followed to gather intelligence and protect the people.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION:

Public admin is bureaucratic whereas pvt administration is businesslike.

public admin is political(ministerial responsibility) whereas pvt admin is non political.

there are high instances of red tapism in public admin whereas pvt admin is free from it.

Public admin follows uniform laws whereas pvt admin follows dynamism in its way of working.

public admin is controlled financially from outside through the legislature,pvt admin is free from such processes.

no profit motive/marginal return policy of public admin whereas pvt admin is built for profit

breadth and scope of public admin is mammoth.

public admin is accountable to the public.

public admin acts an agent of change and transformation in society.

anonymity of officials in public admin.

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PVT ADMIN:

Common skills and techniques for management process.

both serve people and be informative toward them.

in modern times profit motive is not peculiar even to public administration.

pvt organisations have taken a lot from the personnel mgmnt practices of the public admin organizations.

similar type of hierarchy and management systems.

both carry on continuous efforts to better themselves and provide efficient delivery of services to people or customers.

IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

It is the basis of govt. - A govt. can exist without a legislature or even an independent judiciary but not without administration.

An instrument for providing services to people.

Instrument to implement policies through qualified and skilled officials.

Stabilising force in society.

Instrument of social change and upliftment and economic development.

it has a technical character to it.

REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

Industrial revolution that brought in socio-economic disparities and made the rich richer and poor poorer and so the govt. had to assume a new role to protect workers and the weaker sections of society.

Emergence of Welfare and democratic State: To serve all sections of society and reduce the disparity of socio-economic status of people in society due to the above and other factors by controlling pvt enterprises and meeting state objectives.

Economic Planning- very important in developing countries for socio economic development.

Scientific and technological development for betterment of people and society.

population growth,warfare,increased natural and man made disaster,communalist activities causing violence,terrorism,etc.

The blog ends at this. The next blog will cover Public Administration's evolution as a discipline,its role under LPG and the recent trends in Public Administration.

Feedback and comments are welcome.

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Welcome all Public Administration students,academicians,enthusiasts & colleagues. A blog for everything Public Administration. ___________________________________________________________________________ Click on ' JOIN THIS SITE ' to get instant updates on new posts on this blog. And also for 'INTERACTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS' regarding this blog's posts 'JOIN ITS FACEBOOK COMMUNITY/GROUP' that is mentioned on the right hand side of this page.