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In time, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to other parts of Europe. By late 1800s , factories were making goods across much of Western Europe. The growth of industry helped lead to a new economic system, capitalism. In this system, individuals own most businesses and  resources. People invest money in businesses in the hope of making a profit.

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Industrial growth began with textiles, or cloth products. In the early 1700s people made cloth by hand. They used sinning wheels to make thread and looms to weave it into cloth. Given the same and effort this took, it is not surprising that people would want a way to make cloth quickly.

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Great Britain provided the setting for the Industrial Revolution's start. Britain and its colonies had the recourses included labor, raw materials, and money to invest. For example, Britain had a large workforce, rich supplies of coal, and many rivers for waterpower.

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In early 1700s, however , people had to do most work themselves. They made most of the items they needed by hand. For power, they used animals or water or their own muscles. Then around the mid-1700s everything changed. People began inventing machines to make goods and supply power. These machines completely changed the way people across Europe worked and lived. We call this period of rapid growth in machine-made goods the Industrial Revolution

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In 1775 the protests turned to violence, starting the Revolutionary War. Colonial leaders, influents by the ideas of Locke and Rousseau, claimed Great Britain had denied their rights. In July 1776 they signed the Declaration of Independents. Largely written by Thomas Jefferson, this document declared the American colonies' independence from Britain

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By 1660 many of the English were tired of instability. They wanted to restore the monarchy. They asked the former king's son to rule England as Charles 2. However Charles had to agree to let Parliament keep powers it had gained during the civil war. In 1689 Parliament further limited the monarch's power. That year, It approved the English Bills of Rights. This document listed rights for Parliament and the English people.

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John Locke, an English philosopher, had a major influence on Enlightenment thinking about the role of government. Locke thought government should be a contract between a ruler and the people. A contract binds both sides, so it would limit the ruler's power. Locke also believed that all people such as life, liberty, and property. If a ruler did not protect these natural rights, people had the right to change the rulers.

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During the 1600s and 1700s a number of people began to put great importance on reason, or logical thought. They started using reason to challenge long-held beliefs about education, government, law, and religion. By using reason, these people hoped to solve problems such as poverty and war. They believed freedom, and happiness and thereby improve society. The use of reason in shaping people's ideas about society and politics defined a period called the Enlightenment

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That year in 1632 , an Italian scientist named Galileo published a book in which he started that the earth orbited the sun. He was arrested and put on trial. Afraid that the church would expel hem, Galileo publicly stared that his writings were wrong. Privately, though he held his beliefs.

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Between about 1540 and 1700 though, European views about how to study the world change. This widespread change in views was part of the Scientific Revolution, the series of events that led to the birth of modern science. People began placing more importance on what they observed and less on what they were told. They used their observations to come up with logical explanations for how the world worked.

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Some of the ancient works rediscovering the Renaissance were dealt with science. People in the renaissance learned how to built enormous dumas that could rise higher than earlier buildings. Another intention of the Renissaes was the movable typing panting press.

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Literature the most famous writer Renaissance writer is probably William Shakespeare. Shakespeare writing shows a deep understanding of human nature. Renaissance writings were read and enjoyed by a larger audience than earlier writings had been.

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Leonardo da Vinci, exceled in many areas including art. Art at the of the middle ages. Peoples creativity sparked. People created new tunics to improve their art.

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Leonardo da Vinci. Was not only a great painter and sculptor but also architect, scientist and engineer. He sketched plants and animals as well as inventions such as submarine.