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Anon. 2006, 'Gas Laws', http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/gases.html, (21/06/18)
Crash Course, 2013, 'The ideal Gas Law', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxUS1K7xu30, (20/06/18)
Anon. 2010, 'The Gas Laws', http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Idealgas.html, (18/06/18)
G. Weinreb, 2015, 'Football and the Ideal Gas Law', https://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/test-voices/4439391/Football-and-the-Ideal-Gas-Law, (18/06/18)
Anon. 2012, 'Ideal gas law in football', https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=18696, (16/06/18

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While there are some similarities between the gas laws working on a tennis ball and a soccer ball, a different investigation would need to be undertaken in order to account for the preciseness of comparison. Ultimately, there are more aspects to a tennis ball than a soccer ball so they are not accurately comparable

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1. A tennis ball has a harder exterior than a soccer ball so its shape is more defined.
2. Because of this exterior, the ball pressure is far lower as not as much is needed to retain the shape of the ball.
3. The force exerted from a racket to a tennis ball is of far greater speed and power than a boot to a soccer ball.
4. There are a few other factors that have been considered in the creation of a tennis ball including rebounds and buoyancy which is of far greater importance in tennis.

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There are a lot of similarities to how a soccer ball and tennis ball function due to the gas laws. As you can see in the image provided, the tennis ball also deforms upon contact with the racket in a similar way to soccer. While Boyle's law works in the same way on a tennis ball, there are a few fundamental differences.

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Having an ideal pressure is hard to determine and many manufacturers simply estimate pressure levels based on ball size and function. It is always recommended that the ball have as high a pressure as possible as it wont deform on the kick meaning more of your energy from the kick will go into moving the ball rather than soaking it.

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This website takes you through the essentials to know about maximising soccer ball performance based on ball pressure. It also covers the necessary conversions and calculations to achieve great gameplay.

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The perfect pressure of a soccer ball depends on its size with smaller soccer ball requiring a pressure that is relative to its size.

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According to FIFA, the ideal ball pressure of a soccer ball is '8.7 PSI (pounds per square inch)

Having an ideal ball pressure means that optimal performance will be received out of a sports ball

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Jumping castles are unable to retain their shape due to aspects of pressure. When considering how this relates to soccer as a focus component, consider how a jumping castle reacts in a way that is comparative to that of soccer ball due to a loss of volume causing an increase of pressure allowing for power through a kick. There are observable links and similarities through all sports components of the gas laws.

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Jumping castle's, in short, do not retain their shape when being bounced on. An external pump continually refills the castle with air to account for the thrust out of air due to the force on a jump being greater than the force of the air particles hitting the edge of their container. When the castle deforms upon being jumped on, the decrease in volume leads to a proportionate increase in pressure, per Boyle's law. This pressure increase, means that the strength of the particles hitting the container are strong enough to propel the jumper up into the air. This also explains why lighter people or objects are able to bounce higher on a jumping castle due to the weight of the person substituting more for the internal pressure.

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When viewing my experimental outline, draw up a potential results table and see if you can account for multiple gas laws having taken effect.

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Parties with bouncy castles are parties kids want to attend, but those air-filled playhouses have an unfortunate habit of taking flight. An empty one flew into power lines last week, and people are regularly hurt or even killed when castles become projectiles.

One reason this happens is poor and uneven regulation. Another is fluid mechanics.

Manufacturers advise against keeping a bouncy castle inflated if wind is above 20 or 25 mph, and it's not hard to see why. When a fluid-a category that includes gases and liquids-flows into something, the force it exerts is equal to half of its density multiplied by the area it's pushing against and the square of its speed:

We already have the speed to use: 25 mph, or about 37 feet per second. The density of air is 0.04 kilograms per cubic foot. (I'll use kilograms for masses and pounds for forces and weights to avoid confusion.) That leaves the area the wind hits: a bouncy castle wall. Quick research suggests that an average bouncy castle is something like a cube with 15-foot sides, which makes the area of one wall 15 x 15 = 225 square feet. Inputting all those numbers gives just over 380 pounds of force pushing on one wall.

Now, these funhouses weigh an average of about 250 pounds, but the wind is only fighting the force of friction, which is much less than that:

The friction equation has only two variables. There's W, which is the weight of the object (in this case, the bouncy castle), and there's mu, which is the coefficient of friction. Mu depends on both the object and what it's sitting on, and it tells you how much of the weight gets used to resist movement. No one has calculated mu between a bouncy castle and grass, but it's probably about 0.3, which is a fairly typical value across many different pairs of materials.

Using a weight of 250 pounds, the force of friction is just 75 pounds. Any force larger than 75 pounds-20 percent the force of the wind-could push the bouncy castle around. This is why hammering down the stakes that come with the bouncy castle is crucial: They absorb the extra load and keep the castle stationary.

So unsecured castles will tumble. But why do some take flight? Bouncy castles are, well, bouncy. As soon as they hit any sort of hump, they bound a bit into the air-and once they're up, strong gusts can keep them there. Alternatively, they can start to tip, letting the wind get underneath to push from all sides. But there's another way, too.

Flowing fluids might exert pressure when they hit something, but they have lower pressure perpendicular to the direction they're flowing than stationary fluids do. This is how planes and bouncy castles alike can take flight. The wind flowing over the bouncy castle has a lower pressure than the air inside-assuming the wind doesn't get into the bouncy castle, of course. The difference means that there's pressure against the roof, and that pressure is given by Bernoulli's equation (ignoring things like tiny height differences):

The air inside isn't moving, so its velocity is zero, giving us a different form of an equation that we've seen before. Force is pressure multiplied by area, and the area of the top of a cube is the same as the area of one of its sides. That means that the force pushing the castle up is:

That's the equation we started with, which gave us a force of 380 pounds-only this time, it's upward instead of sideways. That's enough to make any untethered bouncy castle take flight.

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The Physics of Why Bouncy Castles Take Flight

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Parties with bouncy castles are parties kids want to attend, but those air-filled playhouses have an unfortunate habit of taking flight. An empty one flew into power lines last week, and people are regularly hurt or even killed when castles become projectiles. One reason this happens is poor and uneven regulation.

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Only one gas law can be manipulated by a scientist at a time but due to the ideal gas law, one process beginning can trigger another to start. You will see in the balloon investigation that Gay-Lussac's Law in action ultimately leads to Charles' law with these two laws in particular often being catalysts for each other.

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Ball deforming on contact with boot

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Note how a decrease in temperature causes not only a decrease in pressure, but this pressure decrease then affects the volume as the edges of the container are not being retained.

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This short video presents a demonstration of a balloon being frozen. What information can you apply from this towards what would happen for a soccer ball

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Ideal gas law says that $pV = nRT$. So with compression, one way to add pressure which makes the volume smaller, can you actually increase the temperature?

It does not make sense to me that you can increase temperature, that is, add to the kinetic energy of the molecules, simply by increasing pressure, pressure meaning the force exerted on the gas from its surroundings. Can someone please explain this contradiction?

asked Oct 17 '15 at 23:29

If you had a way to increase pressure with no volume change, then yes, temperature would increase by the ideal gas law. In reality, most compression take place by reducing volume or increasing N, so the temperature effect is hard to see directly because other things are changing too.

The pressure in PV=nRT is the force exerted by the gas on the walls of the container. As the temperature increases, the particles move faster, and therefore have greater speeds, so greater momentum and therefore greater force when they collide with the walls, so the pressure increases.

answered Oct 18 '15 at 0:11

I think what you are asking is "why can the temperature of the gas increase when you compress it, even if the cylinder is adiabatic so that no heat can enter the gas?" When you move the piston to compress the gas, you are doing work on the gas at the interface with the piston. The piston is moving toward the gas, and the molecules of gas that collide with the piston leave with a greater average velocity than when they arrived. So their average kinetic energy is increasing. If expansion were occurring, such that the piston were moving away from the gas, the colliding molecules would leave with lower average kinetic energy.

answered Oct 18 '15 at 13:37

We all know, Solids have defenite size and obviously have defenite volume. Liquid has defenite volume but no shape. Gases have neither shape nor volume. Gas will occupy the available volume of the container. Molecules make use of the available free space for their movement.

Thus in gases, you can externally change the degree of freedom of its molecules. When you increase the container volume, you are increasing the degree of freedom of the gas molecules. And conversely also it is true.

Coming to the question, when you decrease the degree of freedom of molecules (by decreasing the container volume), due to the limitation in their mobility, the excess residual energy has to be given out (All system trend to minimize its energy state). Naturally the gas becomes hot in a big to exchange the excess energy to the surrounding. (Most of the natural energy exchange is done by heat energy).

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Does an increase in pressure necessarily lead to an increase in temperature?

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1. Size 5 ball
2. high pressure
3. False

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Which soccer ball would have the highest pressure?
a) Size 5 ball (largest
b) Size 4 ball
c) size 3 ball (smallest)

Which ball allows for more ideal play?
a) high pressure
b) low pressure

True or false?
Because temperature is inversely proportional to pressure, a lower temperature on a ball would increase the speed of internal particles, thus increasing pressure.

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Though it is not the most fundamental gas law acting on soccer balls, understanding Boyle's law is important in comprehending differing quantities in pressure over different sized soccer balls to account for a volume decrease.

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If you know about factors such as ball pressure before playing, it is possible to calculate for how much force you apply when kicking so as to achieve the optimal result with minimum exertion.

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This effectively means that a hotter soccer ball allows for more ideal play as a colder soccer ball would deform more when kicked as the external forces of the kicking far overpower the internal forces of the air.

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When the temperature increases around (and thus within) a soccer ball, the heated particles move faster and hit the edges of their container with more force (from the moving momentum). This is an example of a proportionate increase of pressure due to an increase of temperature. Higher pressure within the ball means that when its kicked, it loses its shape less due to the forces keeping the container shapely being stronger.

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Can you predict the efficiency of a soccer ball based on factors such as pressure and temperature?

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Does a sport like tennis correlate directly to soccer?

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What is an 'ideal' ball pressure? How is this determined

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How do jumping castles retain their shape?

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Can more than one gas law be in effect at the same time?

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How would temperature affect a soccer ball

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How are the gas laws relevant in calculating the operations of a football?

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Still looking for a little more comprehensive understanding of the gas laws?

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Still looking for a little more comprehensive understanding of the gas laws?

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chemical properties, all the gases more or less obey thegas laws. The gas laws deal with how gases behave with respect to pressure, volume, temperature, and amount.

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In What Ways are the Gas Laws Important in Sport?

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To honour the ongoing world cup and other prestigious sporting events such as State of Origin and Wimbledon, I decided to base my investigation around the prevalence of the Gas Laws in some of the games we love. This is particularly relevant as an avid sports fan myself, to be able to better predict outcomes based on temperature, pressure and volume of a sports ball, while learning to optimise my performance when playing sport. After reviewing the gas laws and conducting preliminary research, the dynamics of a sports ball being affected by pressure and temperature seemed explainable by a combination of laws. Boyle's law reasons the relationship between volume and pressure creating an equivalent constant and the two factors being inversely proportional. This relates to soccer and tennis balls in the means of them being kicked or hit and a decrease in volume (due to the strike causing a deforming of shape) creating an increase in pressure to be able to repel the ball which is then sustained through aspects of physics such as momentum and inertia. It couldn't be that merely Boyle's law was the only one by which a sports ball abides so, curious, I looked further into Charles' Law and Gay-Lussac's Law, both of which are evidently applicable to my subject matter. Explore my padlet and follow up on the links and references I have provided to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the Gas Laws and their importance in sport - as they are inexplicably integral to the game.