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PURPOSE:

To tell the readers of this article what Somalia is like after the Civil War, and hope that his African friend will see this.

Audience:

Anyone who is reading his book and his African friend

Form:

The form of this text is half news report and half story. It tells us a story of his experience in Somalia after when he visited after the Somalia. It is also a news report to let the outside world know wha. is happening right there.

Tone: The tone can be in a reported speech voice or a sad tone as the story is quite negative.

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P - Tell her audience about her experience of watching a hunt for Narwhal
A - Explorers, Travellers, people who never been to greenland
F - Variety of writing, descriptive, narrative
T - Formal, descriptive, informative

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P: Tell the reader the experience Aron had during the accident, to recount a life changing event, emphasis the danger of a mountaineer
A: People who are reading his book, or interested in his story, people who like adventures, other mountaineer
F: Recount
T: Very formal, from experiences to the specific incident

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PURPOSE

The purpose of this speech is to challenge stereotypes and highlight the danger of a Single story. The speaker hopes that after listening to her story no one will repeat the same mistake as she did before.

AUDIENCE

People who listen to the TED talk both online and live during the show

FORM

The form of this is a speech

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The title “Single story” suggests a negative effect on it

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I'm a storyteller, first person speech, recount, a personal account

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"I think four is

probably close to the truth"

Use of short sentence makes it standout. Humor is shown here to try to interact with the audience. This also shows that her mother is proud of her.

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"I wrote exactly the kinds of stories I was reading: all my characters were white and blue-eyed,

they played in the snow, they ate apples, and they talked a lot about the weather"

Starts to create a stereotypes of Western children's book. Slight use of irony

Colon is also used here to list stereotypes of Western children books

Stereotypes are shown here

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"Now, this despite the fact that I lived in Nigeria. I had never been outside Nigeria. We didn't have snow, we ate mangoes, and we never talked about the weather, because there was no need to…"

Juxtaposition is used to show the reality of Nigeria

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" is how impressionable and vulnerable" This is to connect to the audience on how much stereotypes affect them

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"I could not personally identify" shows that she doesn't know what to do.

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"I went through a mental shift" telling the audience that she's changed

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Stereotypes leads her to think it’s just like that. She doesn’t understand fully

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The only thing my mother told us about him was that his family was very poor. This is what her mother told her

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She asked if she could listen to what she called my “tribal music”, and was consequently very disappointed when I produced my tape of Mariah Carey.

Humor is shown here, she tries to make audience laugh.

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“What struck me” gives a hard feeling to both the speaker and audience

Repetition of she

The speaker is mocking her roommate

Humor used

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Another example of the danger of a single story

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Another example of the danger of a single story

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Her roommate is embarrassed as she thought tribal music is the only thing African listens to.

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"And, as often happens

in America, immigration became synonymous with Mexicans. There were endless stories of Mexicans as people who were fleecing the healthcare system, sneaking across the border, being arrested at the border, that sort of thing."

She has a single story of what  mexico is before visiting there.

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"Stories matter. Many stories matter. Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign, but stories can also be used to empower and to humanize. Stories can break the

dignity of a people, but stories can also repair that broken dignity."

Repetition to make the words strong, make the audience remember what it means.

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First paragraph is short and focuses on the scale of the problem whilst focusing on a specific instance. This gives the memory importance and significance.

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Repeating ‘I’ shows how personal this experience was for Alagiah.

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“but there is one I will never forget.” shows the importance of the context

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“ ‘Take the Badale Road for a few kilometres …” shows a detailed description on how to get there

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“a village in the back of beyond, a place the aid agencies” Listing to emphasis the environment outside Galgaduud

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Simile is shown here, using “like a ghost village” makes the place more creepy. This makes audience thinks that the place is nasty.

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“No rage, no whimpering, just a passing away” using triplet to add impact

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“What might have appalled us

when we'd started our trip just a few days before no longer impressed us much.” This makes it seems shocking or surprising to the audience.

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“like the craving for a drug” simile to show it’s like a dangerous addiction

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“By the time Amina returned, she had only

one daughter.” Emotive language as it will make audience feel the sadness

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“the smell of decaying flesh” sense of smell

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The world “revulsion” shows audience he can’t take anymore heartbreaking scenes anymore

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“the plumes of spray”, “catching the light in a spectral play of colour”, to show how magnificent the writer finds them.

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“The hunters were dotted all around the fjord”, the word “dotted” is use as a metaphor to show how small the hunter is.

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“Glittering kingdom” romantic view

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“fortunate to witness” to show scarcity of the narwhal

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The phrase “the survival” shows it’s really important

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The listing shows how important narwhal, emphasis the important

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“particular predilection” Alliteration adds to mysterious

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The opening sentences tells the scene and tells what is going on.

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Emphasis the importance of the hunter

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“split second” shows the tension and how quickly the hunters need to so it

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The quote “split second” shows how exciting it is to watch the hunt

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anaphora

The writer juxtaposed the size of narwhal with the action of the hunter to compare the size and how dangerous the hunter’s job is

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Repetition of And” it’s in her ead, emphasis the importance

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Romantic View (Heart):
Beauty
Sad
Guilt
Pity
Human Perspective

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Pragmatic View (Head):
Proud
Bravery
Acceptance
Realism

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First person narrative

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Foreshadowing: he knows what he’s doing but it all goes wrong

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“Drop - off”, “overhang” usually do with extreme sports

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“Claustrophobic” building a sense of danger

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refrigerator chockstone

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Repetition of “I” and “me” shows importance

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Explaining the difference, encouraging the reader to picture

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“fifty feet down the canyeron.” building a sense of dang

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Detailed technique gives information and experience to the reader, emphasis the difficulties of his journey

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Paragraph 3 - Clear plan of space, create tension with all the description

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“Large bus tire” shows how big the chockstone is

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“Stemming across the canyon at the lip of the drop-off” this is a complex sentence. In a complex there is a main clause. The main clause in here is “at the lip of the drop - off”. Mirror sentence

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“ I’ll have a nine-foot height to descend, less than that of the first overhang. I’ll dangle off the chockstone, then take a short fall onto the rounded rocks piled on the canyon floor.” Listing

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“teeters slightly” adverb used

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“I can” shows  he’s confident

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“scraping quake” powerful descriptive

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“As I dangle, I feel” is the point where the whole story changes

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“Instinctively” automatically, adverb

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“consumes the sky” powerful metaphor

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“My only hope” create tension

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"the rock smashes my left hand against the south wall; my eyes register the collision, and I yank my left arm back as the rock ricochets; the boulder then crushes my right hand and ensnares my right arm at the wrist, palm in, thumb up, fingers extended; the rock slides another foot down the  40  wall with my arm in tow, tearing the skin off the lateral side of my forearm. Then silence." Step by Step description

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“Silence” something had happened

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Short sentences to reflect panic, habit

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“heaving against it, pushing with my left hand, lifting with my knees” verbs convey force moving

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“Nothing” the result after many attempts is still nothing

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Plucked - make them looks helpless

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military planes - seems like the explorers are in big trouble

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plunged - makes them look helpless and foolish

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"The rescue involved the Royal Navy, the RAF and British coastguards." This shows that it involves a huge amount of people. Which is unnecessary

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"The men’s adventure had cost the taxpayers of Britain and Chile tens of thousands of pounds."  This shows how much it cost to rescue them but it was unnecessary.

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"Experts questioned the wisdom of taking a small helicopter" Using expert quotes to make the point more reliable

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“Trusty helicopter” Irony used - to make the explorers look dumb as their trusty helicopter failed to finish the journey and crashed. The word "trusty" shows that the explorers believes that the helicopter is good enough for their journey instead it wasn't

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‘Boys messing about with a helicopter’ - Comparing the explorers to boys just having fun. Trying to make readers think that they don't have what it takes to be an explorer

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"Drama" - Exaggeration used to emphasis the incident

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"42, and 40-year-old" - make the explorer like immature boys

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"also known as Q" - Irony used - Mr. Smith's nickname is ironic as Q is the character from the James Bond films who is good with technical devices

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"picked up" shows that they're helpless

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"Both men are experienced adventures" - They were experienced, but
these facts are included off hand in the middle of the article meaning that the overall impression that
readers are left with is that they are just are "boys messing about"

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Informative writing and not a plain autobiography. Zephaniah writes of his early years with great honesty. His writing contains reflection and much-needed information for and about dyslexics.

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1st person. The writing is often conversational and reads like a speech. Zephaniah is able to relax the formality of such writing without compromising his authority as a narrator. Direct speech is used to convey his comments in class and  the insults of a teacher from 40 years previously. It certainly creates a vividness, but is it an accurate rendering of the conversations? He will use both 2nd person and 1st plural to great effect to link the reader ot his position.

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The title of the anthology in which this is published is important here. Zephaniah is writing with a clear purpose – to educate non-dyslexics and to empower dyslexics to believe in themselves.  In this he challenges the single story of ‘dyslexic stupidity’.

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1: Childhood suffering and the finding of a positive in every negative situation. He explains that he bears teachers no malice and uses the introduction to present a clear picture of school in the 1960s.

2: Examples through his youth of the issues and benefits of dyslexia, leading eventually to his expulsion from school. He does not dwell on the specific details though does tell the story of his ‘revenge’ car theft. There are no details – this is not an autobiography.

3: Coping with Dyslexia in Borstal and the nature of the prison community.

4: Redemption via a girlfriend and an adult education class.

5: The message: Dyslexia is only an issue for the observer; it is a potential benefit for the dyslexic who is more creative and more imaginative as a result of the ‘condition’. He ends by throwing out a challenge to the non-dyslexics and the boot is on the other foot for once.

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Women's Life in 1800s
- Stay home and raise children
- Middle & upper class white women were expected to educate young women
- No chances to do sports
- Not many girls went to school at that time
- Not allowed to vote

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"new spring life" "Delicious breath of rain" = Juxtaposition 

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"new spring life" "Delicious breath of rain" = Juxtaposition 

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Static at first, then sad, then super happy, then died ...

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P - to talk about her life, retell her life, autobiography
A - interested in her life / HK
F - autobiographical - prose - novel / narrative
T - fairly formal

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Time went by relentlessly
- no stoping

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typhoon - Her life has a typhoon as well

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Dialogue, direct speech, creates intrest

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Dialogue, direct speech, creates intrest

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‘Adeline!’ Ma-mien Valentino was calling.

‘You can’t go now,’ Mary protested. ‘For once I’m winning. One, two, three, four. Good! You’ve landed on my property. Thirty-five dollars, please. Oh, good afternoon, Mother Valentino!’

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Short sentence / Single sentence paragraph

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Short sentence / Single sentence paragraph

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We all stood up and greeted her.  - short sentences shows importance, treated with respect

single sentence paragraph conveys the respect

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‘Adeline, didn’t you hear me call you? Hurry up downstairs! Your chauffeur is waiting to

take you home!’

- moves the narrative on