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1. Romanticism is the opposite of neoclassicism.
- War and bloodshed cast doubt on the so-called age of "reason" and gave birth to romanticism. This term may be misleading as it does not focus on love and romance. Instead the era "romanticizes" humans as arbiters of liberty, heroism and ideals.
- Romantic works are better defined by their rejection of neo-classical beliefs. They praised emotion over thought, spiritualism over science, nature over industrialization, rusticity over wealth, and freedom over authority.

2. Romantic works yearned for the past.
- Romanticism originated in Germany where modernization caused "Weltschmerz" or world weariness. Many wished to return to the bygone eras where life was simple and peaceful.

3. Eugène Delacroix was the leader of French Romanticism.
- Delacroix painted outdoors to be closer to nature and reproduce the correct colors. He believed the true color of an object was only visible under sunlight.

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- Austrian
- Passionate ballerina
- Folk Dances
- Cachuca (1836)

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28. Romantic Ballerinas - Marie Taglioni (1804-1884)

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28. Romantic Ballerinas - Marie Taglioni (1804-1884)

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- Italian
- Ethereal ballerina
- En Pointe dancing
- La Sylphide (1832)

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- Use of supernatural subject matter
- Fascination with earlier times and distant lands
- Borrows from folk material
- Rising cult of the ballerina
- Invention of gaslights creates varying moods

Photo: Cult of the Ballerina

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- German composer of opera
- Gesamtkunstwerk
- Uses Germanic mythology
- The Ring of the Nibelung (1851-74)
- The Ride of the Valkyries from The Valkyrie.

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- Italian composer of opera. Two of his operas indicate nationalistic sentiments:
1. Va Pensiero from Nabucco (1842)
2. Triumphal March from Aida (1870)
-- Other operas:
- La Traviata, Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, Falstaff

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- Polish
- Short piano compositions, such as nocturnes, impromptus, and études
- Number 15 of his 24 Préludes, Opus 28 "Raindrops."
- Étude in G-flat major, Opus 10, No. 5.

Portrait by Delacroix

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- French
- Combines the Faust story with his own life to create Symphonie fantastique (1830)
- Expands symphony into five movements.
- Belongs to the genre of program music, which reflects the influence of literature on music.

Photo: Hector Berloiz

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- German
- Represents the transition from classical to romantic music.
- Writes nine symphonies, which are longer and more complex than Classical symphonies.
- Symphony No. 5 in C minor (1808).
- Unified by four-note motif.

Photo: Ludwig van Beethoven

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- Belief that music should express emotional states rather than following classical conventions.
- Music had urgency to it, intensity, and more contrasts in tempo and mood throughout the piece.
- Symphonic form: extended orchestral composition, generally in three or four movements.
- Use of folk music.
- Virtuoso musicians.

Paganini (1832) by Delacroix

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- French
- Nature as hostile and use of a contemporary event for subject matter.

The Raft of the Medusa (1818)

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- Spanish
- The nightmarish and grotesque
- In 1792, Goya became completely deaf after suffering from an unknown malady.
- He protested against oppression

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (1796-98)

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- French academic artists continue with Classical style of rendering the figure
- Those outside of the academies use more frenetic brush strokes, contrasting use of light and vibrant colors to create drama

Dante and Virgil in Hell by Eugène Delacroix (1822)

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- Subject matter inspires emotional responses
- Use of contemporary events to create an effect of immediacy
- Distant Medieval past and images of natural wonder called upon to generate feelings of awe and longing

Caspar Friedrich, Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (1810)

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- Mary Shelley was an English novelist who writes Frankenstein (1818) a gothic novel.
- The Brontë sisters, Charlotte and Emily, write Jane Eyre (1847) and Wuthering Heights (1847) respectively.
- Jane Austen differs in that her novels, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and Northanger Abbey criticize sentimentality and romantic passion.

Photo: Jane Austen

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- The epitome of romantic literature is the lyric poem, which is written in the first person:

1. Express the poet's innermost feelings and temperament
2. Reveals reactions to events the poet has experienced

Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust (1808-1832) uses the legend of Faust to create a two part poem that took him 24 years to write. Faust's desire to experience life to the fullest makes him a romantic hero.

Photo: Wolfgang von Goethe

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- George Hegel (1770-1831) writes The Philosophy of History.
- He explains the evolution of divine nature, which he calls "spirit," as a dialectical process involving a thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
- The final goal is spiritual freedom.
- Charles Darwin in Origin of the Species (1859) argues that man evolved from other life forms through a process known as "natural selection."
- His views challenge the creationist view of human origins.

Photo: Charles Darwin

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- Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) writes The World as Will and Idea, in which he posits the existence of an impersonal force that he calls the will.
- He also elaborates on the characteristics of the sublime

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- Endymion
- The Eve of St. Agnes
- Ode to a Nightingale
- To Autumn
- Various Poems

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- Alastor
- Prometheus
- Adonais
- Various poems

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- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
- Don Juan
- Various Poems
- Mazeppa
- She Walks In Beauty

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- The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
- Dejection: An Ode
- Kubla Khan
- Christabel

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- Lyrical Ballads, with a few other poems
- The Prelude
- The Solitary Reaper
- Laodamia
- The Excursion

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- Tam O'Shanter
- To a Mouse
- Sweet Afton
- A Red, Red Rose
- Various Songs and Poems

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- Poetical Sketches
- Songs of Innocence and Experience
- The Book of Thel
- The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
- Jerusalem

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- Nature
- Isolationism
- Exile -- especially of a disinherited mind that cannot find a spiritual home in its native land
- Fascination with the outlaws of myth, legend or history
- Mysticism
- Results of the industrial revolution

Photo: England's Lake District

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- Wordsworth described all good poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings."
- He believed that the source of all poetry was not in external things, but in the individual poet.
- The lyric poem, expressing the poet's own feelings and temperament, became a major Romantic form.
- The natural scene became a primary poetic subject, and poets described natural phenomena with an accuracy of observation that had no earlier match.
- Poets bestowed attitudes and sentiments on the landscape that earlier writers had felt only for God, parents or a beloved.
- Humble, rustic life and plain style were elevated and the wonder of ordinary things was exalted.

Photo: William Wordsworth

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- Writers during this time period did not think of themselves as "romantic."
- Many writers, however, felt that there was something distinctive about their time - a pervasive intellectual and imaginative climate which they called "the spirit of the age."
- They described it as a release of energy, experimental boldness, and creative power that marked a literary renaissance, an age of new beginnings when, by discarding traditional procedures and outworn customs everything was possible.

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- Resulted from the invention of power-driven machinery replacing manual labor.
- Open fields and farms were enclosed into privately owned agricultural holdings.
- A new labor population massed in the sprawling mill towns that burgeoned in central and northern England.
- The new landless class migrated to the industrial towns or remained as farm laborers, subsisting on starvation wages.

Photo: Industrial Revolution

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- In response to the French Revolution (1789-1799),  the English government prohibited public meetings, suspended habeas corpus (the release from unlawful restraint), and advocates of even moderate political change were charged with high treason.
- These economic and social changes created a desperate need for corresponding political changes, and new social classes were demanding a voice in the government.

Photo: French Revolution

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- The romantic period was an artistic and philosophical movement from the late 18th century to mid 19th century.
- It began in 1785, the year Blake and Burns published their first poems.
- It ended in 1830, because the major writers of the century were either dead or no longer productive.

Photo: The Village of Bow, 1826