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Greek Philosophers and Deafness 384-322 B.C.

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Greek Philosophers and Deafness 384-322 B.C.

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In 384-322 B.C. Two well-known philosophers, Socrates and Aristotle, considered deafness and deaf people. In his work Problems, Aristotle believed that the sense of hearing was the most important of all of the senses because, as he stated, it contributed to the mental development of man.

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Monastic sign languages have been used in Europe from at least the 10th century by Christian monks, and some, such as Cistercian and Trappist sign, are still in use today. Also not only in Europe but also in Japan, China and the USA. Unlike deaf sign languages, they are better understood as forms of symbolic gestural communication rather than languages, and some writers have preferred to describe them as sign lexicons.

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Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being "the first teacher for the deaf". Ponce de Leon established a school for the deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His students were almost all children of wealthy aristocrats who could afford private tutoring. His work with deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures. Ponce de Leon is not only known to have developed a working sign language, but he also came up with the manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence.

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Juan Pablo Bonet was a Spanish priest and pioneer of education for the deaf. He published the first book on deaf education in 1620 in Madrid. He became secretary to Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías, Condestable of Castile. The book is considered the first modern treatise of phonetics. Also, it depicts the first documented manual alphabet for the purpose of deaf education. His intent was to further the oral and manual education of deaf people in Spain. Bonet's alphabet has influenced many sign languages, such as Spanish Sign Language, French Sign Language, and American Sign Language.

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Martha’s Vineyard (Deaf) 18th century to 1952

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Martha’s Vineyard (Deaf) 18th century to 1952

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Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) was a village sign-language that was once widely used on the island of Martha's Vineyard from the early 18th century to 1952. It was used by both Deaf and hearing people in the community; consequently, deafness did not become a barrier to participation in public life. Deaf people who signed Martha's Vineyard Sign Language were extremely independent. They participated in society as typical citizens, although there were incidents of discrimination, and language barriers. The language was able to thrive because of the unusually high percentage of Deaf islanders and because deafness was a recessive trait, which meant that almost anyone might have both Deaf and hearing siblings.

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Braidwood’s Academy for the Deaf and Dumb 1952 

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Braidwood’s Academy for the Deaf and Dumb 1952 

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Braidwood Academy was an institution for for the Deaf and Dumb and was famous for early sign language. When it first opened the academy only had one student called Charles Shirreff. He was an 11-year-old and son of a wealthy wine merchant.

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Samuel Heinicke, the originator in Germany of systematic education for the deaf. Around 1754, he took his first deaf person.  His success in teaching this deaf person was so great that he determined to commit himself entirely to this work. He promoted the oral/aural method of instruction, though he did use some form of a manual alphabet. He believed a spoken language to be essential to a proper education, and that it formed the basis for reasoning and intellectual thought.

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Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Épée has become known as the "Father of the Deaf". He had a encounter with two young deaf sisters who communicated using a sign language. L'Épée decided to dedicate himself to the education and, in 1760, he founded a school. He came to believe that deaf people were capable of language. He began to develop a system that the  French language and religion. In the early 1760s, his shelter became the world's first free school for the deaf, open to the public.

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Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard was a French abbé and instructor of the deaf. He was born in Le Fousseret and was a priest. Sicard was made principal of a school for the deaf at Bordeaux in 1786 and in 1789. At the school for the deaf which he had founded in Paris. He later met Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet while traveling in England and invited him to visit the school.

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American School for the Deaf (ASD) April 15, 1817

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American School for the Deaf (ASD) April 15, 1817

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The American School for the Deaf (ASD) is the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States, and the first school for children with disabilities anywhere in the western hemisphere. It was founded April 15, 1817, in West Hartford, Connecticut, by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Dr. Mason Cogswell, and Laurent Clerc and became a state-supported school later that year.

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Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was an American educator. Along with Laurent Clerc and Mason Cogswell, he co-founded the first permanent institution for the education of the deaf in North America, and he became its first principal. When it opened on April 15, 1817, it was called the "Connecticut Asylum (at Hartford) for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons," but it is now known as the American School for the Deaf.

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Louis Laurent Marie Clerc was a French teacher called "The Apostle of the Deaf in America" and was regarded as the most renowned deaf person in American Deaf History. He was taught by Abbe Sicard and deaf educator Jean Massieu, at the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets in Paris. With Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, he co-founded the first school for the deaf in North America, the Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, on April 15, 1817 in the old Bennet's City Hotel, Hartford, Connecticut. The school was subsequently renamed the American School for the Deaf and in 1821 moved to 139 Main Street, West Hartford. The school remains the oldest existing school for the deaf in North America.

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He was a famous early educator of the deaf in Washington, DC. In 1857, Amos Kendall donated 2 acres (0.81 ha) of land for the establishment of a school for the deaf and blind in Washington, D.C., and asked Gallaudet to come to Washington to help lead this school. Edward Miner quickly agreed and became the first principal of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf.

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Gallaudet University is the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. Founded in 1864, Gallaudet University was originally a grammar school for both deaf and blind children. It was the first school for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing in the world and remains the only higher education institution in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students.

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The first international conference of deaf educators held in Milan, Italy in 1880. It is commonly known as "the Milan Conference". They decided to ban the use of sign language in school. After that in 1880, schools in European countries and the United States switched to using speech therapy without sign language as a method of education for the deaf. Then a formal apology was made by the board at the 21st International Congress on Education of the Deaf in Vancouver, BC, Canada, in 2010 accepting the dangerous of an act of discrimination and violation of human and constitutional rights.

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The National Association of the Deaf is an organization for the promotion of the rights of deaf people in the United States. NAD was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1880 as a non-profit organization run by Deaf people to advocate for deaf rights, its first president being Robert P. McGregor of Ohio.

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Alexander Graham Bell was a engineer who invented the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885. Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech and both his mother and wife were deaf, influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually turned in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics.

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In 1904 he was  president of National Association of the Deaf of the United States and was one of the first to film American Sign Language. Then he was re-elected in 1907. Then its greatest accomplishment was the preservation of sign language, which he saw as being threatened by the advancement of the education of of deaf students proposals in schools. During this time, cinema gained popularity, and Veditz dedicated the NAD to gather money to finance recordings of speeches in sign language.

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History of Hearing Aids / Cochlear Implants 1957

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History of Hearing Aids / Cochlear Implants 1957

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They're for people who have a severe-to-profound hearing loss and can't benefit from a hearing aid no matter how loud it's turned up. The first experiments into electrically stimulating the cochlea were in 1957. Then at MED-EL, our founders Ingeborg and Erwin Hochmair started their cochlear implant program in 1975.

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After years of oralist strength, deaf people were able to advocate for the increased use of sign language in deaf education. After a week of protest by American deaf people and generally positive coverage of their demands for a deaf president in the national media, American psychologist I.

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William C. Stokoe Jr. was an American linguist and a long-time professor at Gallaudet University. His research on American Sign Language (ASL) revolutionized the understanding of ASL in the United States and sign languages throughout the world and had a profound impact on deaf culture, deaf education, and sign language teaching and interpreting. Stokoe's work led to a widespread recognition that sign languages are true languages. This work redefined the concept of "language" itself, and influenced thinking in theoretical linguistics, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, neural studies, and even jurisprudence.

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PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act / IDEA (The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) 1975

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PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act / IDEA (The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) 1975

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When it was passed in 1975, P.L. 94-142 guaranteed a free appropriate public education to each child with a disability. This law had a dramatic, positive impact on millions of children with disabilities in every state and each local community across the country. The four purposes of the law were to improve how children with disabilities were identified and educated, evaluate the success of these efforts, and provide due process protections for children and families.

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Deaf President Now was a student protest in March 1988 at Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. The protest began on March 6, 1988, when the Board of Trustees announced its decision to appoint a hearing candidate, Elizabeth Zinser, over the other highly qualified Deaf candidates, Irving King Jordan and Harvey Corson, as its seventh president. Gallaudet students, backed by a number of alumni, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus. Protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press demanding four specific concessions from the Board. The protest ended on March 13, 1988, after all four demands were met including the appointment of I. King Jordan, a deaf person, as university president.

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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990

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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990

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Americans with disabilies Act of 1990 is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. The ADA requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations. The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush. It was later amended in 2008 and signed by President George W. Bush with changes effective as of January 1, 2009.