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Competitive activities and collaborative activities have pros and cons. Healthy competition should be encouraged. It is important that educators use both strategies in their teaching.

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Definition:  “online participation is a process of learning by taking part
and maintaining relations with others. It is a complex process comprising doing,
communicating, thinking, feeling and belonging, which occurs both online and offline” (Hrastinski, 2009).
1. Social presence could affect learners’ motivation since it can enhance degree of
realness in the online environment. Social presence is defined as the “degree of salience” of the other
person in the interaction and the consequent salience of the interpersonal
relationship --> aka how prominent you are in the interactions online would affect your motivation levels
2. By doing collaboration, learners can contribute to deeper learning, shared understanding, critical thinking and long-term retention of the learned material.
3. The online participation class showed relatively higher extrinsic and intrinsic motivation than low and control class.
4. High motivation did not significantly increase the
grade. However, higher motivation did significantly increase the learners’ PSD (perceived
skill development).
5. Learners with high motivation would mean that they had a spirit, encouragement,
and more efforts to learn more than the less motivated learners. This motivation
comes from subjective feeling of the learners, either extrinsic or intrinsic.
Consequently, when they feel that they learn something, they would have better
subjective reflection in their PSD.
6. One important finding was related to intrinsic motivation (flow). High online
participation group experienced significantly higher flow than other groups.
However, high online participation did not significantly increase learners’
extrinsic motivation (ARCS). Flow as intrinsic motivation has several advantages
over extrinsic such as learners more likely to select challenging task, gain more
knowledge, promote greater creativity, better conceptual learning, and greater

E-Learning 91
pleasure as well as active involvement in activities

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Competition must be encouraged along with a collaborative culture where students encourage each other in their learning.

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Competition develops self-discipline and drive in students; Healthy competition when guided, however, can endow students with a bounty of benefits

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Motivation in getting students to learn through gamification

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Motivation in getting students to learn through gamification

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A proper flow experience is achieved when
there is a balance between the skill and challenge
that the game provides. If the game is too challenging, it leads to anxiety; if the game is too easy, it leads to boredom.

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There are healthy versus unhealthy competitions, the world is competitive, may focus more on product than the process in order to "win"; increases the level of drama or fun in an activity

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Competitive activities motivates students in the short term. Students may lose motivation once the reward is removed.
Collaborative activities allow students to learn from each others. Students working alone may not realise their own shortcoming.

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Competition: Motivating or Declination of Academic Success

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Competition: Motivating or Declination of Academic Success

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Classroom environments rated high on competition were associated with increased victimization.

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1. self-consistency: Those with positive self-image will put in effort to maintain that image
2. self-confidence: believe he/she succeeded because of his/her skills and will put in effort to enhance skills
3. self-determination: motivated to act due to strong sense of ownership or control

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Show leaderboards of student scores in quizzes (temporary), and hand out badges for milestone achievements (permanent / persistent).

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A good educational game not only needs to have
a flow experience but also entertain its users. To
design an entertaining educational game, the first concern is their content and then the playability
layer is added on top of the content layer

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What if the class profile has issues with ability and not learning culture? Spurring competition will not help them much. Perhaps scaffolding techniques are more relevant.

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Competition: Motivating or Declination of Academic Success

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Competition: Motivating or Declination of Academic Success

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A downside to competition is the hierarchy which comes with it. Comparisons arise when the loser internalizes a belief their performances makes them less valuable as a person. This mindset can lead to a damaged self-esteem among adolescents.

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Learning Chemistry through Puzzle Based Games: Atom to Molecules

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Learning Chemistry through Puzzle Based Games: Atom to Molecules

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Concepts of atoms and molecules are difficult for students to understand. Using the game, A2M, to teach these concepts to students. Design simple short games, with rules related to bonding. A2M is for covalent molecules. Drag and drop atoms to form molecules with certain conditions.

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Games encourage playing which leads to a flow experience. The flow experience leads the
user into a cycle of active experimentation which
is present in the experiental gaming model. This active experimentation cycle makes the user gener-
ate several solutions, motivating him. If the game mechanics are well-designed then the user learns
by reflecting and applying these solutions to reach his end goal and thus learning.

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How to design the competition such that:
1) The academic self-concept of the non-winning students is not diminished but instead enhanced because there is sufficient emphasis on the effort put in and the benefits of participation.
2)  has a clear framework that encourages practice and facilitates the growth mindset: providing benchmarks to base improvements upon and places value on the challenge of improving.
3) it develops agency, where students are required to analyze situations, think on their feet, analyze results of their processes, make improvements and/or come up with alternative course of actions.
4) real world value can be placed on learning tasks to increase the beneficial peer comparisons amongst students about academic skills.
5) enhance social emotional learning such that collaboration and its benefits can be a natural part of its processes.

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How does competition improve test scores? is there a correlation?

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Characteristics of a good pedagogical game.

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Characteristics of a good pedagogical game.

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To have entertainment the game should provide challenges, social participation, story, good audiovisuals and creativity, to motivate the user, the game needs to be interactive, give feedback, have goals and give some support to the player and lastly, to educate
the player, the game should have accurate content, be adaptive and have rules

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How do we identify students who are "disinterested" in the competition and how to scaffold the tasks so that they become more interested.

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1) Children get to learn about themselves
Child's strengths and weaknesses; Children also learn that doing well in competition feels good; encourages kids to face up to challenges even more often to enjoy these positive feelings

2) Parents can identify and guide their growing children’s personalities
By providing a supportive environment; step in and counsel them toward the right mentality toward facing challenges if a child is afraid, upset, unsportsmanlike or unmotivated

3) Children learn a lot about relationships
competition produces losers and winners, the communication and social skills that competition endows children are boundless. Competition leads to learning cooperation
Children take these lessons about being a good loser or winner home with them, which replace sibling rivalry with love and empathy

4) Children learn values that are best learned through competition
Friendly competition in school has been proven to nurture inquisitiveness in children. They learn what drives them and how to look within to find a solution, rather than blame others. This occurs especially in team sports and group work, which schools worldwide frequently apply to teach effective communication and cooperation.
Learn resilience and persistence - life skills

5) Children learn to cope with stress
friendly playing fields that occur during a child’s education are invaluable in preparing them for the harsh realities that they will have to confront in their teenage years and beyond

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There will be students who are not interested in collaboration. How to design a task that engage everyone in the group.

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What about the same group of students always winning the competition?