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PROS
- can help improve world hunger
- improve and increase shelf life
- increase food production
- pest resistance
- improve nutritional values

CONS
- allergic reactions
- could cause cancer
- antibacterial resistance
- out crossing

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Definitions-
Clone: identical complete copy
Gene Cloning: Production of multiple identical copies gene-carrying DNA
Gene Therapy: Alternations of one's genes for therapy purpose
DNA cloning: Production of many identical copies of a target segment DNA
Plasmids: small circular DNA molecules to duplicate apart from larger bacterial chromosome

Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning:
-plasmids are key tools in cloning because they're easily manipulated to carry virtually any genes
-Reproductive cloning is the implanting of blastocyst into surrogate mother, cloning where a new organism birth is the result.
-Therapeutic cloning is the production of embryonic stem cells for type of treatment

-reproductive cloning raises lots of ethical issues since not all animals behave the same, some are dominant while others are submissive, and environment can can play a role during development which can alter them from being 100% the same.
-Therapeutic cloning has potential to help medically. Stem cells help differentiate to various cell types of the body.

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RFLP is a molecular method of genetic analysis that allows individuals to be identified based on unique patterns of restriction enzyme cutting in specific regions of DNA.

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A glass slide with tiny amounts of thousands of different Kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments fixed to it in tiny wells in a tightly spaced array, or grid.

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Alteration of a diseased individual's genes for therapeutic purposes.

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In people afflicted with disorders caused by a single defective gene, it might be possible to replace or supplement the defective gene by inserting a normal allele into a person's cell.

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a branch of biotechnology concerned with analyzing the structure, function, and interactions of the proteins produced by the genes of a particular cell, tissue, or organism.

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-Genes can be cloned on recombinant plasmids
-Gene cloning leads to the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA.
-Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA sequences from 2 different sources--one source contains the gene that will be cloned and another source is a gene carrier called a vector.
-Plasmids (small,circular DNA molecules independent of the bacterial chromosome) are often used as vectors

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Method that separates macro-molecules (usually proteins or nucleic acids) on the basis of size, electrical charge, or other physical properties.

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Gene therapy raises difficult ethical questions, especially the genetic manipulation of gamete-forming cells or zygote.

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The larger the particles the closer they are to the comb and the smaller the particles the farther they are from the comb.

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Nucleic Acid Probes: A radioactively  or fluorescently labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA. 

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Nucleic Acid Probes: A radioactively  or fluorescently labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA. 

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1.Plasmid DNA is isolated.
2.DNA containing the gene of interest is isolated.
3.Plasmid DNA is treated with restriction enzyme that cuts in 1 place, opening the circle.
4.DNA with the target gene is treated with the same enzyme and many fragments are produced.
5.Plasmid and target DNA are mixed and associated with each other.
6.Recombinant DNA molecules are produced when DNA ligase joins plasmid and target segments together
7.The recombinant DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell.
8. The bacterial cell reproduced to form a clone of cells.

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The probe hydrogen bonds to the complimentary sequence in the targeted DNA

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The probe hydrogen bonds to the complimentary sequence in the targeted DNA

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I.e. Can be used in microarrays to test the expression of many genes

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I.e. Can be used in microarrays to test the expression of many genes

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DNA is attracted to the positive side of the gel due to its negative charge.

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A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time.

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The Human Genome project was a large, publicly funded scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and identify the location and sequence of every gene. The HGP was completed in 2003.

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I: Restriction  Digest
II: Gel Electrophoresis
III: Denaturation
IV: Blotting
V: Baking and blocking
VI: Hybridization and visualization

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- Genome mapping
- Genetic Disease Analysis
- DNA finger printing

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1) mRNA is isolated
2) Reverse transciptase occurs and fluorescent DNA nucleotides attaches to the single-stranded mRNA
3) cDNA is made from mRNA
4) cDNA is applied to the wells

Fluorescent spot = cDNA (Expressed gene)
Nonfluorescent spot = unexpressed gene

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Complimentary DNA ; represents only the subset of genes that had been transcribed into mRNA in the strating cells.

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a viral enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.

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Steps for gene cloning using reverse transcriptase

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Steps for gene cloning using reverse transcriptase

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1) The chosen cells transcribe their genes within the nucleus, producing mRNA
2) Single-stranded DNA transcripts are made from the mRNA using REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
3) Another enzyme is added to break down the mRNA and
4) DNA polymerase is used to synthesize a second DNA strand

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cDNA useful for studying the genes responsible for the specialized functions of a particular cell type

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Brain cells or Liver cells differ because some genes are expressed and others are turned off

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A technique by which a specific segment of a DNA Molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the laboratory.

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With a small sample, automated PCR can make billions of copies of a DNA segment in just a few hours. This makes enough to create a DNA profile to be made.

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1

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1. The reaction mixture is heated to separate the DNA strands
2. The mixture is cooled to allow primers to form hydrogen bonds with the ends of target sequences.
3. DNA polymerase adds nucelotides in the 5' to 3' direction

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Uses short, chemically synthesized single stranded DNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target sequence.

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A different type of DNA Polymerase is used which was isolated from a bacterium living in hot springs which can withstand the heat when the mixture is being heated in the beginning of each cycle.

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Series of repetitive DNA, which can be analyzed to DNA profile. THis method of DNA profiliing compares the lengths of the STR sequences at a specific site in the genome

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Series of repetitive DNA, which can be analyzed to DNA profile. THis method of DNA profiliing compares the lengths of the STR sequences at a specific site in the genome

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A collection of the total genome from a single organism. Stored in a population of identical vectors

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A collection of the total genome from a single organism. Stored in a population of identical vectors

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-bacteria are often the best organisms to use in manufacturing a protein product, produce insulin and growth factor hormones

Eukaryotic cells, such as yeast, used to produce vaccines for hepatitis B, anti malaria 🤬, cancer treatments
-mammal cells are used to make glycoproteins, 🤬 for heart attacks, hormones for blood production
- gentically modified whole mammals also used to produce human proteins
VERY COSTLY AND DIFFICULT