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An operating system (OS), in its most general sense, is a software that allows an user to run other applications on a computing device. While it is possible for a software application to interface directly with hardware, the majority of applications are written for an OS, which allows them to take advantage of common libraries and not worry about specific hardware details.
Short video:

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Operating System Concepts: What is an OS (Definition)

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Input devices such as a keyboard and mouse.

Output devices such as display monitors, printers and scanners.

Network devices such as modems, routers and network connections.

Storage devices such as internal and external drives.

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Kernel: This provides basic-level control over all of the computer hardware devices. Main roles include reading data from memory and writing data to memory, processing execution orders, determining how data is received and sent by devices such as the monitor, keyboard and mouse.
Also how to interpret data received from networks.

User Interface: This component allows interaction with the user, which may occur through graphical icons and a desktop or through a command line.

Application Programming Interfaces: This component allows application developers to write a modular code.

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Main fuctions:
· Process Management :
The Operating System will create the priorities for the user and also start or stops the execution of the process and also makes the child process after dividing the large processes into small processes.

·  Memory Management:
Operating System also manages the memory of the computer system.
This means to provide the memory to the process and also deallocate the memory from the process. And also defines that if a process gets completed then this will deallocate the memory from the processes.

·  Extended Machine:
Operating System also behaves like an extended machine.
This means thet the Operating System also provides us sharing of files between multiple users, also provides some graphical environments, various languages for communications and also provides many complex operations like using many hardware’s and software’s.

·   Storage Management Operating System also controls all the storage operations means how the data or files will be stored into the computers and how the files will be accessed by the users etc...

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Main types:
-DOS - Disk Operating System - This is one of the first operating systems for personal computers. When you turned the computer on, all you see is the command prompt which look like c:\ >. You have to type all commands at the command prompt which might look like c:\>wp\wp.exe. This is called a command-line interface.

Windows - The Windows operating system, a product of Microsoft, is a GUI (graphical user interface) operating system. This type of "friendly user" operating system is said to have WIMP features:

Windows

Icons

Menus

Pointing device (mouse)

MacOS - Macintosh, a product of Apple, has its own operating system with a GUI and WIMP features.