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Me

Miguel (Colombia, USA Immigrant) – Spanish dominant trilingual (English, Portuguese)

Parents

Miguel - (Colombia, USA Immigrant) – Spanish dominant bilingual (English)

Martha - (Colombia, USA Immigrant) – Spanish dominant bilingual (English)

Paternal (Grandparents)

Ana – (Colombia) – Spanish monolingual

Miguel – (Colombia) – Spanish monolingual

Maternal (Grandparents)

Ninfa – (Colombia) – Spanish monolingual

David – (Colombia) – Spanish monolingual

Notes:

1.     All family speaks only Spanish and if anything, a little bit of English.

2.     Martha’s siblings can speak up to 3 languages.

3.     Miguel grew up speaking Spanish and is now fluent in English after attending an American School in Central America. He acquired Portuguese by listening to Seu Jorge in High school and expanding his skills in the University.

4.     Martha used to speak French but did not retain anything.

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São Paulo e Rio são das partes mais ricas do tudo Brasil. Rio é basicamente o centro turístico e São Paulo é o motor de negócios. O vídeo mostra a vida luxuosa no São Paulo, que é considerado a casa com mais bilionários no hemisfério do sul e é classificado como um das cidades mais ricas do tudo mundo. A área com mais dinheiro é conhecida como os “Georgians” e reflete lugares como Beverly Hills. No São Paulo fica muitos desenhadores famosos e muitas lojas elegantes que vendem esse estilo da roupa. Você também pode ver a importância dos carros luxuosos que ficam nestas cidades prósperas. A comida, o consumismo, a construção, e a indústria de bancos de investimento são as partes que produzem mais dinheiro na cidade.

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Brazil tem muitas distinções nas classes sociais. Independentemente que o País tá crescendo ainda fica muito desemprego. Programas sociais são muito difícil porque o país precisa de usar seu capital para pagar a dívida Brasileira. Hoje a economia tá expandindo muito mas que antes. O objetivo é seguir crescendo como país auto suficiente. Por as expansões e o desenvolvimento do país pomos ver o aumento de cidades prósperas como Brasília, São Paulo, e Rio.

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What race are Hispanic people?

In the latest episode of MTV's Decoded, comedian Franchesca Ramsey pairs up with fellow YouTube activist Kat Lazo to explain how answering that question is tricky, largely because of the ways Hispanic (and, likewise, Latino or the gender-neutral Latinx) identity is racialized in the US, even though these categories don't actually refer to a race at all.

To understand what race Latinos and Hispanics are, you first must understand the difference between Latinos and Hispanics

Lazo points out that Hispanic identity refers to language, or "people of Spanish-speaking origins." Latinx identity, however, refers to people whose origins are geographically located in Latin America.

And while the two categories mostly overlap, people from Brazil and Spain illustrate the distinction. Brazilians are Latino because the country is located in Latin America. But Brazilians aren't considered Hispanic because the country's primary language is Portuguese. Meanwhile, Latinx identity brings together people in South and Central America, who may share a history of Spanish colonization, but that category isn't defined by having Spanish-speaking ancestry.

"Just like America, Latin America has a long and complex history that intersects between native people, European colonization, African slavery, and global immigration patterns," Lazo said. And that's why she points out that Latinx identity includes a variety of races.

So that's why boiling down Latinx to being just one "race" makes no sense

Despite the broad racial diversity that actually represent Latinx and Hispanic people, they are often represented as one homogeneous group instead of being recognized as being just as racially diverse as the population of the United States.

As Lazo says, "The US and Latin American media has done a great job at constructing an image of what Latinx look like, and that image is rarely black or fully Indigenous, for example." So, instead, the more common profile of a Latinx person as portrayed in films and television is someone like Modern Family actress Sofia Vergara, as opposed to someone like Zoe Saldana, who identifies as Afro-Latina (of Puerto Rican and Dominican descent).

But racism, or pressure to identify as white, also plays a role in why Latinx and Hispanic people, when they are considered to be a race, are racialized as white.

"We, like the rest of the world, have internalized these message of white supremacy through the media and our education," Lazo said. "So it's no wonder that when Latinx in the US are confronted with deciding their race based on the Census, in a predominantly black and white binary society, many of us default to white."

Latinx and Hispanic identity signifies common cultural practices like language and shared histories, and those don't easily map onto skin color.

It's one of the reasons, Ramsey says, that "if an Argentinian couple adopts a baby from China, that baby will most likely grow up speaking Spanish, and rooting for Lionel Messi."

At the end of the day, this is a reminder, as Ramsey (and Vox's Jenée Desmond-Harris) has explained, that race is a social construct, not a natural biological classification. Rather, Ramsey said, race is "basically an ever-shifting categorization that sometimes includes ethnicity and sometimes doesn't."

Or a simpler answer, as Ramsey puts it: "Race doesn't exist, but ethnicity does." So are people who identify as Hispanic (or even Latinx) actually white?

As Ramsey says, "It depends." But it's important to reflect on the fraught reasons why Hispanic and Latinx identities are associated with whiteness too.

Watch: Race isn't biologically real

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Latino and Hispanic identities aren't the same. They're also not racial groups.

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What race are Hispanic people? In the latest episode of MTV's Decoded, comedian Franchesca Ramsey pairs up with fellow YouTube activist Kat Lazo to explain how answering that question is tricky, largely because of the ways Hispanic (and, likewise, Latino or the gender-neutral Latinx) identity is racialized in the US, even though these categories don't actually refer to a race at all.

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LatinX é um neologismo que representa a cultura e identidade latina-Americana. O artigo fala de como a raça é uma construção social e não uma classificação biológica. Por exemplo se Léo Messi adopta um bebê da China o bebê vai terminar falando espanhol, com acento argentino, e se identificando como Argentino. Então o artigo diz que não pomos dizer que LatinX  consiste de só uma raça. No caso de Brasil, os Brasileiros são latinos por que são parte do continente da América du Sul mas não pomos considerar-lhos hispânicos porque a língua principal é Portuguese. Ao final do dia, é muito complicado considerar os Brasileiros como Hispânicos e alem disso a maioria dos Brasileiros não vão se-considerar hispânicos.

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Brazilian society often relies on social classes when segmenting the demography of their population. This article will give you an introduction to how the concept of social classes works in Brazil.

Despite being considered as an old fashioned social institution, social classes in Brazil originated in the early 50's, when the country experienced an economic boom that would last until the late 70's.

Social classes have been a useful tool for strategist and marketers, as a way to segment the 200+ million people living in Brazil. There are still huge differences between rich and poor which is the exact reason why social classes have such relevance for segmenting demography in Brazil.

Definitions

There are several different concepts of social classes in Brazil, but the one that is most widely adopted by the market classifies society in letters from A to E. This definition is based, overall, on the household's gross monthly income, as follows:

Class A: above BRL 15.760

Class B: above BRL 7.880

Class C: above BRL 3.152

Class D: above BRL 1.576

Class E: below BRL 1.576

These are the classes as defined by The Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics, known as Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística or simply IBGE in Portuguese. IBGE defines the income based social classes in multiples of the national minimum salary which at the moment is BRL 788.

As the differences in the cost of living are quickly increasing between the metropolitan and rural areas of Brazil, this demographic segmentation will translate into different purchasing powers depending on the location of the household.

Educational Level

Occupation

The educational levels previously presented support the level of submission among the five different classes. This employment relationship can be simplified as:

Class A: composed of bankers, investors, business owners, major landowners and people with extraordinary skills for the industry they operate in

Class B: composed of directors and managers, judges, prosecutors, highly educated professors, doctors, well qualified engineers, lawyers, etc

Class C: composed of those who provide services directly to the wealthier groups, such as teachers, managers, mechanics, electricians, nurses, etc

Class D: composed of people who provide services to Class C, such as housemaids, bartenders, bricklayers, people who work for civil construction companies, small store owners, low-paid drivers, etc

Class E: composed of people who earn minimum salaries, such as cleaners, street sweepers and also unemployed people

Distribution Across Social Classes

The well known Brazilian statistics firm IBOPE Inteligência published, in early 2015, an economic classification of the Brazilian population. Their model is a bit more complex than the simple measure of a household's gross monthly income. They use the same classification labels with letters from A to E but measure assets to normalise purchasing power.

Classes D and E are merged together as many of these households have less formal accommodation and they are difficult to accurately separate.

Geographic Distribution by Social Classes

In some regions there is a strong predominance of classes D and E, which is the case for the North, Northeast and Central-West regions, with the exception of the city of Brasília.

However, it is in the larger cities that social differences are most visible. A city like São Paulo, for example, has people from all five social classes. Sometimes this inequality can be observed in the same neighbourhood, where an upmarket building is located right next to a favela.

The same applies to Brasília, Brazil's capital and one of the cities that, along with São Paulo, present the highest levels of inequality.

This inequality occurs due to an intense migration movement that results in a significant population increase and a centralisation of job opportunities and salaries.

The 2015 data published by IBOPE Inteligência suggests the following distribution of social classes per geographic region of Brazil:

Southeast Region

This region includes the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.

South Region

This region includes the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.

Northeast Region

This region includes the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe.

Central-West Region

This region includes the states of Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso.

North Region

This region includes the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins.

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Brazilian society often relies on social classes when segmenting the demography of their population. This article will give you an introduction to how...

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As classes sociais no Brasil tem muita importância na distinção demografia.

O mercado classifica Brazil com 5 classes. A,B,C,D,E. A gente no grupo A e B tipicamente tem educação alta e as gerações jovem tem a falar muitas línguas. A classe C e D tem menos educação ou tem pessoas que não terminaram o colégio. A última classe E, consiste de pessoas sem educação ou pessoas iletradas. As pessoas na classe A tem a ser investidores, banqueiros, e outras profissões. A classe B tem doutores, engenheiros, e os grupos C,D, E tem a ter trabalhos mais humildes e não tem o mesmo prestígio das classes mais altas.

A classe mais alta consiste de 2-4% das populações nas cidades. Você vê que a maioria da gente vem da class meia, ou a classe C. O artigo fala como as classes se distinguem entre o norte, que tem a ter menos dinheiro, e o sul que tem cidades ricas como São Paulo e Rio.

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O vídeo é muito cômico. Vemos que o homem sendo entrevistado tem muitos sotaques diferentes. No começo ele fala como se fosse do interior. Depois tem acento de Portugal então você vê que seu sotaque tem patalização e também tem o som chiante. Isto é evidente na palavra dezessete. Outro exemplo engraçado é que seu filho é Paulista então você vê que seu sotaque muda a uma pronunciação nasal.

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Amiga Da Minha Mulher - Seu Jorge (Músicas Para Churrasco Vol.1)

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A música carioca é do outro mundo. Um dos artistas mais famosos do Rio de Jainero é Seu Jorge. Eu tenho escutando Seu Jorge desde o High school. Acho que foi uma das razões por qual eu comecei a aprender Português. Na canção “Amiga Da Mulher” do Seu Jorge é interessante por que também segue o mesmo dialeto carioca. Por exemplo você vê que ele diz “respondi” e a sílaba “di” ao final é pronunciado com patalização.

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Travel Brazil - The Carioca Way (Film Scholarship Winners 2012)

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As winners of the 2012 World Nomads Travel Film Scholarship, Shriya Pilgaonkar (Presenter) and I (Eeshit Narain, Cameraman) jetset to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to film the Carnaval celebrations and to immerse ourselves in Brazilian culture. Locals of Rio de Janeiro proudly call themselves 'Cariocas'.

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"A forma carioca" é um vídeo com muita alegria, muitos cores, e muitas atividades únicas do Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, a casa dos cariocas, tem muitas coisas que fazer. Você vê que a gente carioca disfruta muito da praia, das montanhas, e da comida. A melhor forma de aprender do Rio é da forma Carioca. No vídeo fala das coisas únicas que ocorrem como a festa no meio da rua e a bebida famosa conhecida como Caipirinha.

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O episódio fala da cultura carioca. Acho muito interessante o dialeto por muitas razões. Quando eles falam você vê que tem patalização e é evidente no uso das palavras com “de” y “te”. Por exemplo você vê que o casal diz que eles estão “descansando” na praia. Mas “descansando” é pronunciado como “ge”. Em outras palavras, a sílaba “de” não é pronunciada como no espanhol. Outra coisa bacana é que os “s” são bastante puxados.

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O creole de Cabo Verde é o creole mais Velho de todo o mundo. Também é o creole mais falado de todos os creoles baseados de português. O creole de Cabo Verde começo entre os 1640 e 1670 quando os holandeses levaram os escravos ás plantações do Caribe por o comércio de escravos. A influenza do creole de Cabo Verde no papiamento vem da ilha de Santiago. Hoje, papiamento é uma mistura de espanhol e português com elementos de Itália, Holanda, França, e da Inglaterra e um pouco de línguas da África. Mas o creole de Cabo Verde e basicamente o portuguese com uma mistura de elementos só da África. O mais interessante das dois línguas é a similaridade na estrutura das palavras que reflete o contexto histórico mas a maioria das palavras continuam tendo diferentes significados. Por exemplo.

Línguas:

CVC | Papiamento

Palavra:

Manera | Manera

Translação:

“How” in CVC | “as/like” in Papiamento

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5.6.1 Galician-Portuguese: from the early thirteenth century to about 1325  ( BOOK )

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O portuguese tem mudado muito desde o origem latim. Acho que o português em si é uma língua que produce diferentes dialetos e línguas como creole. O interessante do portuguese é que vem do galego que vem do latim. Nesta transição de galego ao português, a língua foi usada em distintos tipos de arte como os poemas. Um dos poetas famosos da era foi Joan Garcia de Guilhade. Uma parte de um de seus poemas foi:

Ai dona fea! Fostes-vos queixar

Oh ugly lady! You’ve complained

Porque vos nunca louv’ en meu trobar

That I never praise you in my verses

Mais ora quero fazer un cantar

So now I want to make a song

En que vos loarei toda via;

In which I will praise you all the way;

E vedes como vos quero loar:

And see how I want to praise you:

Dona fea, velha e sandia!

Ugly lady, old and silly!

Eu acho muito interessante o estilo sofisticado. Além disso, é muito único ver os tipos de mudanças na língua e a estrutura de algumas palavras. Por exemplo, usar “louv” em vez de “louvo”.

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Portuguese in Cape Verde (pronunciation, phrases, creole, etc.)

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A mulher no vídeo da uma introdução ao tipo de português falado na ilha. O portuguese nesta parte tem mais conexão ao portuguese de Angola ou Mozambique que o português do Brazil. Isto tem muito sentido por que o Cabo Verde é mais perto ao estes países. Em adição, o Cabo Verde tem mais probabilidade de refletir as culturas da África e não América do Sul.

No português de Cabo Verde tem o ênfase de “Sh” na letra “s”. Independentemente que seja comum que gente do Brasil as vezes fale “sh”, é muito mais comum que eles simplesmente pronunciem a “s” como “ssss”. Mais no Cabo Verde você sempre pronuncia “sh”.
Por exemplo, “mais” no Cabo Verde e pronunciado “maish” e no Brasil é pronunciado “mais”. Outra diferença é que no portuguese do Brasil você tem a pronunciar a “de” com o som de “ge”. No Cabo Verde você tem o sotaque mais comum ao espanhol onde voce diz “de” e pronuncia “de”. Um exemplo pode ser a palavra tarde.

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My attempt to learn some Cape Verdean Creole

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O creole de Cabo Verde e muito interessante. No vídeo fala de diferentes tipos de orações no creole e tem uma comparação com o português. Por exemplo. “Oi, tudo bem” é “maneira, tu suave” no creole. Quando você vê as diferentes línguas não há uma diferença imensa entre a estrutura das palavras mas acho que o mais interessante é que no creole você não tem a ter essa pronunciação nasal como no português. Por exemplo, no Cabo Verde, a palavra maneira ( how are you ) é pronunciada como no espanhol - “manera” ( form or way ) e no português e pronunciado “mah-nei-ra” com o ênfase na “i”. Pomos ver que o português tem a ser mais nasal e o creole tem menos ênfase na pronunciação das palavras. Além disso, independente que o creole o portuguese tem muitas palavras similares também tem muitas diferenças
“um tak fom“ = “estou com fome” e muitas das palavras similares são escritas igual mais tem diferentes significados.

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Vowels are defined in two ways. Phonetically, a vowel is a speech sound made when the vocal chords vibrate and there is little or no obstruction anywhere along the vocal tract-the sound comes out free and clear. Vowels can also be understood as the symbol (letter) that represents the sound; English, for example, uses the following letters to represent vowels: a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y (and, rarely, w). But English has far more vowel sounds than that-most American English dialects, for instance, have 15 to 16 vowel sounds in all. By contrast, with a few exceptions Spanish and Russian have fewer vowel sounds, which are generally pronounced in a manner consistent with their spelling.

Vowels have certain qualities than make them distinct, including length (short vs. long), position of the mouth and tongue, proximity to other vowels, roundedness of the lips, and nasalization. So let's plunge headfirst into the deep waters of voweldom by answering these and more: Is it possible for a language to have no vowel sounds? What is a triphthong? Which language has as many as 55 vowel sounds? Are there any English words with no vowel sounds at all? What was The Great Vowel Shift?

Ubykh-sometimes spelled Ubyx-is a language whose last native speaker died in 1992. The language is part of the Northwest Caucasian Language group. The Ubykh people once lived in a place called Sochi, along the eastern shores of the Black Sea, until the Russians drove them out in the middle of the 19th century.

Tevfik Esenç -the last speaker of Ubykh-spent a great deal of time with linguists, in effect acting as the cultural and linguistic ambassador of a language soon on the cusp of extinction. Of the many fascinating properties of the language that were studied, perhaps this stands out the most: Ubykh has as few as two distinct vowels sounds. This is made all the more amazing when you consider that in contrast, Ubykh has one of the largest consonant inventories of any language ever observed, with between 81 and 84 consonant sounds-likely the most outside of the southern African Khoisan languages (which feature clicks). The disproportionate consonant-to-vowel ratio is the highest known in the history of the world's languages.

It's worth nothing that for a time, the Karbadian language of the Middle East (a language related to Ubykh) was thought to have only one distinct vowel sound. Some went even further, claiming it had no vowel sounds at all. It is now believed to have three vowels, and most linguists agree that no language will ever be found that does not contain any vowel sounds. The video above is of Tevfik Esenç reading a story in Ubykh.

Ah, the semivowel. Not quite vowelly enough to be a vowel, but not consonanty enough to be a full-fledged consonant, the semivowel lives in limbo. Phonetically, semivowels are known as "approximates," a distinction they share with a few other types of sounds. English has two of these creatures: w and y. Make these sounds and it becomes clear why they fall someplace between vowel and consonant; there is some small obstruction, but the sounds emerge from the mouth in a manner quite similar to vowels. They are also known as "glides."

In English spelling, y and w are semivowels when they begin words or are the first letter following a prefix, or (in the case of w only) when they follow a consonant. When they end words, however, they become part of the preceding vowel's sound. Take the word "paw"-w does not act as a semivowel here, but rather serves to turn the "a" into a diphthong; similarly, the "y" to end "pay" does the same thing (See item 7).

If we approach these sounds from a phonological perspective-phonology being the study of how sounds construct meaning in language-some semivowels get more complex in an attempt to classify them. Vowels, by definition, are "syllabic:" on their own, they are considered a complete syllable. Y and w, however, are not -they must become attached to a vowel to attain true syllable status.

Syllables are a method of organizing and sequencing speech sounds; they're the way we break down language into spoken parts. Syllables are generally divided into three parts: onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus and coda are frequently grouped together and called the rime. In the word "ten," the "t" is the onset, the "e" is the nucleus, and the "n" is the coda-together, the "e" and "t" comprise the rime. In English, syllables are generally defined as needing a vowel as their nucleus (see #3), though some languages make use of a " syllabic consonant " at the nucleus of some syllables. English syllables may have an onset and rime ("cat"), an onset and coda ("me"), a rime only ("it"), or only a nucleus, without any onset or coda (this called a null-onset syllable), including the entire word "owe." The word has three letters but only one sound, a diphthong that serves as a nucleus, whole syllable, and whole word. Certain languages require an onset, meaning that every syllable must begin with a vowel.

The word "rime" is used to describe the nucleus (with an optional coda) because of its direct ties to poetry. When rhyming words, it is the rime of the syllable that is used to produce the rhyming effect.

A diphthong is when two adjacent vowels come together to form a single vowel with two distinct elements. The vowel sound in the word "fight" is a diphthong, because you start with the vowel sound from "fa" and end up higher up in the mouth making the vowel sound from "feet." English is full of diphthongs-the sentence "no highway cowboys" contains five distinct diphthongs. Note, however, the distinction between a diphthong and a situation where two vowels each retain their own full effect; the word "neon," for instance, contains two separate syllables because the "e" and the "o" do not form a diphthong.

Similarly, a triphthong contains three vowel sounds all coming together to form one, as in the British pronunciation of the word "hour." In this case, the first vowel is serving as the syllable's nucleus, though there are languages where the second vowel does so and others where the third vowel does. There is some disagreement about whether the middle sound of a word like "layer" should be considered a triphthong, or two distinct vowel sounds (one being a diphthong). One of the reasons that English is tough for foreign learners is the relatively small extent of vowel movement-essentially, we slur our vowels together.

Apophony, sometimes used synonymously with the term " ablaut," is a type of vowel gradation, which describes any pair of related words with differing vowel sounds. The first "o" in photograph is long, for example, whereas its counterpart in photography is short. In this pair, however, the grammatical information is intact; both words are nouns, and no inflection has taken place. Apophony, on the other hand, is a form of vowel gradation resulting in a grammatical change. In English, this occurs when the vowel in the middle of a word is altered either to pluralize the word or to change its tense.

A few examples:

- Sing/sang/sung/song. Here, we have 4 different vowels producing 4 distinctly different words, each conveying its own grammatical information (three verb tenses and a noun).
- Mouse/Mice. Phonetically speaking, the only difference here is a shift in the vowel between the "m" and "s" sounds-the result is a pluralization.

Sedang is a language with about 100,000 native speakers; it's spoken in Laos and Vietnam and is in the Austro-Asiatic language family. More specifically, it belongs to the Bahnaric Language group, a collection of closely related languages known for their wide range of vowels.

What makes Sedang unique amongst the world's languages is its sheer number of vowel sounds-some linguistic studies place this number as high as 55. The study of distinct vowel sounds is not an exact science, given how subtle the distinctions are between similar sounds-factors such as vowel length and quality contribute to the minor controversy of the "most vowels" crown.

Let's break that vowel number down. Sedang has 24 pure vowels (meaning single vowels, not attached to another as a diphthong) which can be broken down into 7 vowels that can each be plain, nasalized, or " creaky "-a vowel quality produced by vibrating one's vocal folds in such a way that the resulting sound is two octaves above its plain counterpart. Three of these vowels can be both nasal and creaky. Throw in a variable amount of diphthongs, and you're left with a staggering array of vowel sounds.

As a noteworthy side note, the "creaky" quality of these vowels-also known as "vocal fry"-is possibly showing up in the speech patterns of American women, as well as certain dialects of the American Northwest. Listen to the Sedang language in the above clip.

If you think of the human mouth and its production of vowels as a 3-dimensional grid, what falls right smack in the center? It's everyone's favorite upside-down letter: the schwa, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet as "?." It's the "uh" sound you hear at the beginning of the word "about," and phonetically it's described as a "mid-central" vowel. In English, it's the most common vowel sound, showing up most commonly in unstressed syllables of words. The schwa can masquerade as any vowel in English:

The "a" in "sofa"
The "e" in photosynthesis
The "i" in "terrible"
The second "o" in "commonly"
The "u" in "medium"
The "y" in "syringe."

Its use varies significantly based on which dialect of English is being spoken, though it almost always appears in unstressed syllables. In New Zealand English and South African English, however, the high front vowel in the word "sit" has shifted to a position in the mouth very close to the schwa -so close, in fact, that linguists generally denote its sound with a "?."

In a phenomenon known as "schwa syncope" or simply "schwa deletion," there is a situation in which schwas tend to be omitted from speech. When a schwa would normally be spoken in a syllable situated mid-word following the stressed syllable, it's generally left out, as in the cases of cam(e)ra and choc(o)late. Note that schwa syncope does not exist in all English dialects.

Schwas are found in other languages as well, including Albanian, Romanian, French, Korean, and Hindi.

When we talk about words that have no vowels, there are two significantly different avenues for discussion: (1) Words without any vowel letters, and (2) words without any actual vowel sounds. In English, there are only a handful of vowel-less words from a spelling standpoint, and there is (surprise!) disagreement over whether any true English words have no vowel sounds.

Scrabble players, and people with a Welsh background, may recognize the Welsh loanword "crwth"-pronounced "cruth"-as a violin-like instrument. You'll notice the use of "w" as a vowel here-evident in another Welsh example, cwm ("coom"), a sort of deep valley or gully within a mountain. Interjections like "shhh" and "hmm" have no vowel sounds, but are not always regarded as true words with distinct meanings. Other words like "nth" can stake a claim to be a vowel-less word, whereas words like "myth" don't count because the "y" stands in for a short "i" sound.

English is usually classified as a language that requires a vowel for every word; by definition, an English syllable must contain a vowel. There are, however, possible exceptions-in certain dialects, for instance, one-syllable words like "bird" and "church" can be heard as having no vowel sound. Say the word "bird"-the "b" goes directly to the "r" potentially without a vowel as a go-between. Where this gets muddy is the concept of a " rhotic vowel " (represented here by the symbol [?]) which describes a vowel immediately before an "r;" the "r" sound affects the preceding vowel in a significant way. The word "bird" may thus, depending on analysis, be understood as containing an extremely short rhotic vowel.

As with #3 above, there is a difference between a written consonant and a spoken one. The word "eye," for example, contains a written consonant-y-but is pronounced as one single diphthong. While we have a few such one-syllable words, English is a consonant-heavy language that requires them for nearly all words. Given that syllables do not require a consonant, certain languages have longer no-consonant words as well-unsurprisingly, English only contains a few (including "aa") and they are all loanwords or scientific terms.

Many Polynesian languages, including Hawaiian, have dozens of such longer words, where the vowel syllables are separated by " glottal stops " (the brief disruption of airflow in the middle of "uh-oh"). One of these words is a small green fish called the "ae?ea," which is also the name of the mythical land of Circe. Swahili, Finnish, Rapa Nui, and Portuguese are other languages with longer consonant-less words.

Giving The Great Vowel Shift such cursory treatment is to redefine "short shrift," and it deserves its own list at the very least. But we'll summarize it the best we can: The Great Vowel Shift is the name of a massive change in English pronunciation that took place over a period of several hundred years spanning the 15th through 18th centuries. In essence, long vowels began to shift "upwards" in their positioning in the mouth; long vowels already at the top had noplace higher to go, and became diphthongs. This dramatically affected the way English is pronounced today, and is partially responsible for English's confusing spelling system.

The modern English word "ripe" was once pronounced "reep;" say the two in succession and you can feel your tongue shifting to produce a vowel sound in different parts of the mouth. The word "house," which features a diphthong, was once pronounced something like "hoose"-a long vowel already toward the top part of the mouth. In all, five long vowels shifted upwards, and two others became diphthongs. Notable exceptions to the Great Vowel Shift help explain some of the many English spelling inconsistencies; take the word "broad," which one might expect to rhyme with "road" and "toad." Somehow, "broad" and other words (particularly ones with the "ea" spelling) escaped the Shift.

As with all language events that cannot be directly studied (we have plenty of text from the time period, but no audio), linguists and historians disagree on the causes of the Shift. Theories include accent shifts following the great post-Black-Death migrations; others look to differences in social classes.

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10 Tantalizing Tidbits About Vowels - Listverse

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Vowels are defined in two ways. Phonetically, a vowel is a speech sound made when the vocal chords vibrate and there is little or no obstruction anywhere along the vocal tract-the sound comes out free and clear.

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Síncope é a perda de um ou mais sons do interior de uma palavra, especialmente a perda de uma vogal não estressada. O oposto, onde os sons são adicionados, é epêntese. No artigo fala de diferentes línguas e coisas interessantes de vogais. Em particular, acho interessante que no Inglês é similar ao portuguese no sentido que você algumas vezes pronuncia palavras que tem o consoante escrito mas não é pronunciado. No inglês, por exemplo, você tem “eye” onde a “y” está escrita mas a palavra é pronunciada como um ditongo singular. Em outras palavras são “longer consonant-less words” e palavra perde o son no interior. Este fenômeno também é comum no outras línguas como Suaili ou finlandês.

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Paragoge é a adição de um som ao final duma palavra. É um tipo de epêntese.
No website eu encontrei uns exemplos de paragoge nas línguas creole e “Pidgins” que são formas gramaticalmente simplificadas duma língua, usada para comunicação entre pessoas que não compartilham uma linguagem comum.

Pidgins e Creoles
English “walk” > Jamaican Maroon Spirit Language ‘waka’
English “school” > Solomon Islands Pidgin ‘sukulu’
Portuguese “doutor” > São Tome ‘dotolo’
Dutch “pompoen” > Berbice Dutch Creole ‘pampuna’

Nestes exemplos você poder ver que cada um destas palavras tem uma letra ou som adicional ao final da palavra. O mais interessante é que quando gente de diferentes lugares falam sua língua nativa é muito difícil reconhecer qual é o significado da palavra. Mas quando você aprende mais de linguística é fácil ver as semelhanças da palavras de diferentes línguas. Em adição, muitos línguas tem o origem igual então algumas palavras tem a ser escritas quase o mesmo.

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Fenómeno de evolução fonética que consiste na adição de um segmento fónico no início de palavra.

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Prótese é a adição de um som ou sílaba no começo duma palavra sem mudar o significado da palavra ou o resto da sua estrutura. Na aula discutimos que o prótese trata dum fenômeno na evolução do latim para o português moderno.

Dois exemplos interessante no dicionário linguístico foram:

1. Scribere > escrever

2. Stella > estrela

O mais interessante é que as palavras continuam tendo o mesmo significado. Mas, claramente, a estrutura da palavra mudou. Na palavra “estrela” você vê uma adição de “es” no começo e “r” no meio da palavra. Acho único que quando você pronuncia Stella é como se a palavra tem u som de “e” se escondendo.

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Epenthe ... what? Epenthetic vowels. We know, it sounds like a tropical disease, but it's really the linguistic feature that produces such great Brazilian words as "piquenique" for picnic. Valdo isn't sure he can bring himself to say "hoti doggie" for "hot dog," but he has no problem with "fasti foodi."

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Tá Falado : Brazilian Portuguese Pronunciation for Speakers of Spanish : Lesson 22

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Epenthe ... what? Epenthetic vowels. We know, it sounds like a tropical disease, but it's really the linguistic feature that produces such great Brazilian words as "piquenique" for picnic. Valdo isn't sure he can bring himself to say "hoti doggie" for "hot dog," but he has no problem with "fasti foodi."

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Epenthesis significa a adição de um ou mais sons a uma palavra, especialmente no começo da palavra. No podcast o professor tem uma conversação muito interessante com falantes do Portuguese e espanhol. Quando eles pronunciam a palavra, King Kong ( por exemplo ), você escuta a pronunciação tipo “kingi- Konge” quando você escreve a palavra completamente diferente. Outro exemplo é “Hot-dog” ou “absurd”. A adição de sons nas palavras é muito evidente. No inglês você pronuncia absurd como absurd. Mas no português “absurdo é absuurdo”. Minha opinião é como se no portuguese você tem um alongamento na pronunciação de palavras.

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Os imperativos no português são muito comum na conversão brasileira. Tipicamente um usa o imperativo quando está dando uma ordem. Há diferentes tipos de estruturas no imperativo. Um exemplo é os comandos afirmativos. Para formar um comando afirmativo você pode começar com o verbo que repõe o pronome duma frase. Um exemplo é:

·  Present tense: Tu comes a sopa

·  Imperative: Come a sopa

Outra observação interessante é a diferença entra o imperativo formal a comparação do informal. Na aula nós vimos este exemplo:

Ponha aqui ( informal + typical )

Ponham as coisas aqui ( formal )

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When someone yells or a doctor says , there's one thing they're doing in common: using the imperativo imperative mood!
There are 2 types of imperatives, the affirmative and the negative, shown below respectively.

Regular Verbs in the Imperative

The imperativo can be thought of as the verb conjugation used for giving commands or telling someone to do something (or not to do something). These "commands" could take the form of orders, advice, requests, or pleas. Since the speaker is always talking directly to another person (or group of people), the imperative is only used with the following forms:

Affirmative commands

To form an affirmative command in the imperative, you start with the verb stem (the infinitive version of the verb minus the -ar, -er, or -ir ending) and add the correct verb ending. The imperative endings for regular verbs are summarized in the chart below:

Tip: An easy way to remember affirmative informal commands ( tu) is to start with the present tense verb conjugation and then remove the final -s to form the imperative. For example, with the verb comer:

Negative commands

The negative form must include an advérbio de negação adverb of denial at the beginning of the sentence, such as , , or .

Negative commands are conjugated the same way as affirmative commands, except with the informal tu form. Let's look at the same chart again, but this time with the negative tu endings added.

Irregular Verbs in the Imperative

The chart below shows some of the irregular verbs conjugated in the imperative, i.e. the verbs that don't completely follow the rules shown in the table above.

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When someone yells or a doctor says , there's one thing they're doing in common: using the mood! There are 2 types of imperatives, the affirmative and the negative, shown below respectively. Regular Verbs in the Imperative The imperativo can be thought of as the verb conjugation used for giving commands or telling someone to ...

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Na aula falamos da formação de frases com tudo tipo de pronome. Uma frase sem especificação tem muitos diferentes tipos de sentidos. Ou em outras palavras, sem clarificação de pronome a frase é ambígua. Por essa razão é importante tem o correto ordem das palavras e escrever as orações correspondendo a pronome direito.

Alguns exemplos são:

E importante voce falar portuguese

E imporante Maria falar portuguese

E importante ela falar portuguese

E importante nos falarmos portuguese

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Portuguese learn you do to want?

Sorry, I mean: Do you want to learn Portuguese?

Wow! Placing words into their correct spots in a sentence makes a world of a difference, doesn't it?

If you were studying, say, Japanese, you'd have to learn to turn your thinking upside-down to form proper sentences. But if you're learning Portuguese and you already know English, you're in luck: Portuguese and English word order is very similar.

But not always.

If you want to communicate with Portuguese speakers, you'll have to learn to string together all those vocabulary words you've been learning in a way that makes sense in the Lusophone world.

Some of this will be familiar. Some will be new. If you don't want to earn the nickname Yoda, then pay attention!

A Quick Intro to Portuguese Sentence Structure

Like the English language, Portuguese follows what's known as the subject-verb-object sentence format.

This is exactly what it implies: you state who (the subject) is doing the action (verb) and to what/ under what context (object)-in that order.

Here are a few examples that demonstrate this concept more clearly:

Ele comprou um livro. - He bought a book.

In this phrase ele (he) is the subject, comprou (bought) is the verb and um livro (a book) is the object.

Nós fomos ao restaurante. - We went to the restaurant.

Here, nós (we) is the subject, fomos (went) is the verb and ao restaurante (to the restaurant) is the object.

Naturally, there are some subtle grammatical differences between the two languages.

One of the first things to keep in mind is that, unlike English, months, nationalities and days of the week are only capitalized in Portuguese if they appear at the start of the sentence:

Vou te visitar em outubro. - I'll visit you in October.

Segunda-feira eu volto lá. - (On) Monday I'll go back there.

You'll find other little peculiarities as you delve closer into the various phrases you might use on a day-to-day basis-which is exactly what we're focusing on next.

Portuguese Sentence Types, Explained

As previously stated, the best way to make sense of the similarities and differences between English and Portuguese word order is to look at the different types of sentences you'll be dealing with: statements, questions, negative statements and descriptions.

1. Make Statements

Statements or assertions are the easiest to get your head around, as this is where the subject-verb-object format is most evident:

Eu vou comprar uma casa. - I'll buy a house.

Meu vizinho saiu de férias. - My neighbor went on vacation.

See how easily these sentences flow into their subjects and what they're doing?

Where Portuguese differs from English is in the fact that it's what linguists call a null subject language. What this means is that it allows for, and sometimes mandates, the omission of certain subjects.

For example, the sentence "I'm going to Paris" can be written in full- Eu vou para Paris-or it can omit the "I" subject- Vou para Paris.

Here's another example: In Está a chover (European Portuguese) and está chovendo (Brazilian Portuguese)-both of which mean "It's raining"-the subject is ambiguous, and therefore omitted.

Put it into practice:

Spend some time looking at how the above rules apply to the sentences you've stumbled across in your studies. Whenever you're doing any kind of language practice, have a pen and some paper handy so that you can take note of the different statements that jump at you.

For instance, you might jot down the key phrases that appear in the exercises you've been doing via the FluentU app, the various exchanges you've seen in your textbooks or even the terms that emerged in the blogs, news sites and other leisurely online material you've been browsing in your down time.

One big bonus to using the FluentU program for this exercise is that you'll be using real-world examples of the language. Since FluentU uses authentic videos like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks, you'll be getting some great examples of the way actual Portuguese speakers form sentences. Dropping the pronoun, for instance, is more common than you might imagine!

A Portuguese learning program is currently in development, so stay tuned for an immersive, authentic way to learn Portuguese, coming soon.

The more relevant you can make this exercise to your learning, the better!

2. Ask Questions

This is one of the biggest differences between Portuguese and English as far as word order goes. But it actually works out in your favor!

While in English, the subject and verb word order needs to be reversed for a question ( "He is going home." → "Is he going home?"), all that differentiates a statement from an indirect question in Portuguese is its intonation.

For instance, the statement Ele é alemão (He's German) is easily transformed into a question by saying it in an interrogative manner: Ele é alemão? (Is he German?)

Of course, there are instances in English where you might ask a question in the same manner. The difference is, in Portuguese this is the case all the time, whereas in English you'd only apply an inquisitive tone to a statement when you're double-checking or are incredulous about a fact presented to you: "He's German? Really!?"

Also note that while in English you need to start your questions with an auxiliary verb, it's not a requirement in Portuguese:

Elas moram em São Paulo? - Do they (feminine) live in São Paulo?

You do, however, need to add your standard question words-who (quem), what (o que), when (onde), where (quando), how (como), why (por que)-to direct questions, just as you would in English:

Quando é a reunião? - When's the meeting?

Onde fica o restaurante? - Where's the restaurant?

Como você sabe? - How do you know?

Be extra careful when dealing with "why" and "because" as they're quite easy to get mixed up:

Por que você faltou da escola? - Why did you miss school? (Por que - Why)

Porque eu estava doente. - Because I was sick. (Porque - Because)

Put it into practice:

This is where you get to test your listening and speaking skills. Keep your ears peeled for any questions that come up on your favorite podcasts, audiobooks, movies and other listening tools-and repeat them out loud so that you're also working on your own intonation.

3. Craft Negative Statements

In order to make a sentence negative, you simply need to add a negating word before the verb.

Negative words that typically precede Portuguese verbs are não (no, don't or not, depending on context), nunca (never), and nem (nor). Jamais (never ever) might also be used on the odd occasion:

Eu não tenho ideia. - I have no idea.

Não faça isso. - Don't do this.

Ele não é muito simpático. - He's not very friendly.

Eu nunca comi caviar. - I've never eaten caviar.

Ela não quer sair. - She doesn't want to go out.

(Nós) jamais esqueceremos disso. - (We) will never forget this. (This is one of those sentences where you can omit the "we" subject if you wish.)

Não vi, nem quero ver. - I neither saw (it), nor do I want to. (And this is an example which mandates the subject to be omitted.)

Put it into practice:

Now's the time to focus on your writing skills. First up, grab your pen and notebook and start crafting some positive statements. Then, convert them into negative sentences.

Along with fine-tuning your knowledge of grammar rules, this'll add some much-needed spelling practice into the mix.

4. Get Descriptive

Now we get into adjective placement.

This is one of those areas you'll want to spend some time working on, as it'll go against some of the standard conventions you're used to.

In English, describing words come before the noun; in Portuguese, adjectives follow the nouns they modify.

If you're describing a red car, for instance, you need to invert your word order: um carro vermelho (carro - car, vermelho - red). Taking things literally, you're saying "car red" instead of a "red car."

The same rule applies to size, shape and other descriptors:

Ela mora em uma casa grande. - She lives in a big house. (casa - house, grande - big)

(Eu) Tenho cinco maçãs maduras. - I have three ripe apples. (maçãs - apples, maduras - ripe)

(Eu) Comprei um computador novo. - I bought a new computer. (computador - computer, novo - new)

We get that this probably sounds unnatural right now. But constructing descriptive sentences will get easier once you get used to the reversed order of things.

Put it into practice:

Let's mix things up a little.

Start by analyzing the various adjectives that emerge in your favorite study resources, Portuguese language apps, visual tools and audio aides. For this step, you should focus on how each describing word is used alongside questions as well as negative and positive statements.

Once you've done that, you can start building your own descriptive sentences -statements, questions, anything goes! It may be that you need to revisit some of the previous rules to do this. But in the end, the more creative you can be in your approach, the more memorable the experience will be.

That's all there is to it! We hope our study tips will help you hone your Portuguese sentence-building skills so that you, too, can construct your own path toward fluency.

If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn a language with real-world videos.
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Perfect Your Portuguese Word Order Skills in 4 Steps

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Portuguese learn you do to want? Sorry, I mean: Do you want to learn Portuguese? Wow! Placing words into their correct spots in a sentence makes a world of a difference, doesn't it?

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Brasileiros têm a eliminar pronomes nas frases que dizem. É muito interessante este padrão porque falar em Portuguese é naturalmente informal e o mais simple a oração, o melhor e mais comum. Outra observação é que isto faz parte da gramática brasileira mas não ocorre na língua portuguesa do Portugal. Um exemplo deste fenômeno é

– Voces compraram os laptops?

– Compramos, sim.

‘Did you buy the laptops?’ ‘Yes, we bought [them]

O sim ao final é a ênfase adicional.

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(Translated by Luana Cavalcanti)

This is a comparison,which the main goal is to spot the differences Between Brazilian Portuguese and Continental Portuguese.
Portuguese people and Brazilians can understand each other very well, just like English people can understand Americans without the need of subtitles.
The main differences are predominantly in phonetics and vocabulary. Some Brazilians might find it difficult to understand the European Portuguese because the Portuguese from Portugal has a tendency to compress words to a greater extent than in Brazil - for example, tending to drop unstressed phoneme like /e/. The language syntax is remarkably the same, and in morphology the distinctions are not numerous. Finally, there is Portuguese language here and there. To prove it, if you are learning the Brazilian variant, simply open a book or read a news website published in European Portuguese, you will understand it perfectly.

Understanding the Differences
Portuguese language was established as the official language of Brazil in 1758, by this time the contact with indigenous people and African slaves had already changed the spoken language here. According to the linguist Rosa Matos and Virginia Silva from Federal University of Bahia."The Africans who arrived as slaves did not attend school and learned the colloquial Portuguese, creating differences in the original language." Later, in the late 19th century, European and Asian immigrants arrived in Brazil, and new changes in the Brazilian way of speaking where introduced.

Spelling differences:
a) European Portuguese retains some consonants that are no longer pronounced in words like acto, excepto, óptimo. The Brazilian spelling has eliminated those consonants. Although with the new orthographic Agreement,those consonants in European Portuguese will be dismissed.
b) Some words that Brazilians pronounce with a closed vowel (written â, ê, ô) are pronounced with an open vowel in Portugal (written á, é, ó), and this is reflected in differing spellings
c) The Brazilian spelling distinguishes between a closed diphtong ei and an open diphtong éi. In Portugal, this distinction is not made, because both diphtongs are pronounced identically.

- Differences of vocabulary:
There are vast differences in vocabulary, and sometimes the same word may be employed differently in the two varieties
An example that is commonly used over the internet and in some books : The word for "pineapple" in European Portuguese is "ananás," similar to other European languages, including the German "Ananas," French "ananas" and even the Hungarian "ananasz." In Brazil, however, the Portuguese word for pineapple is "abacaxi". The Brazilian Portuguese in this case was heavily influenced by native Amerindian languages , in this particular case: tupi-guarani.
Some other examples:
1. comboio (EP) = trem (BP) (train)
2. autocarro (EP) = ônibus (BP) (bus)
3. hospedeira de bordo (EP) = aeromoça (BP) (stewardess)
4. bairro de lata (EP) = favela (BP) (slum)
5. desporto (EP) = esporte (BP) (sport)

- Grammatical differences :
a) Regarding the use of personal pronouns. The pronoun tu is replaced with você in most of Brazil, because você tends to be avoided in Portugal. A gente replaces nós much more often in colloquial Brazilian Portuguese than in Portugal .
b) Regarding the distinction between third person subject pronouns and object pronouns. In colloquial Brazilian Portuguese, the subject pronouns ele(s), ela(s), você(s)are often used as objects, where o(s), a(s), lhe(s) would be used in Portugal.
c) Regarding the placement of the clitic personal pronouns. In Portugal, the clitic personal pronouns can come after a verb under some circumstances (enclisis or mesoclisis): "Dê-me um cigarro", "Desculpe-me", "Pode dizer-me...?" They can also be placed before the auxiliary verb, in other circumstances: "Não me pode dizer...?"
In colloquial Brazilian Portuguese, the tendency is to always place the clitic pronoun before the main verb, and between the auxiliary verb and the main verb, in compound tenses: "Me dê um cigarro", "Me desculpe", "Pode me dizer...?", "Não pode me dizer...?"
d) Compound verb tenses of the form "estar + gerund" tend to be replaced with "estar a + infinitive" in most of Portugal.This happens because in Brazil you use the gerund to describe something you are doing now, since in Portugal, you use the infinitive.
e) Regarding the use of prepositions. Brazilians sometimes replace the preposition a with em or para with verbs of motion. They occasionally eliminate prepositions or pronouns from verbs that are prepositional or pronominal ("reflexive") in Portugal.

the Portuguese use definite articles a lot.
Examples: o meu nome é (EP) = meu nome é (BP) (my name is, the Portuguese literally say "the my name is")
Brazilians normally place the object pronoun before the verb (proclitic position), as in ele me viu ("he saw me"). In many such cases, the proclisis would be considered awkward or even grammatically incorrect in EP, in which the pronoun is generally placed after the verb (enclitic place), namely ele viu-me. However, formal BP still follows EP in avoiding starting a sentence with a proclitic pronoun; so both will write Deram-lhe o livro ("They gave him/her the book") instead of Lhe deram o livro, though it will seldom be spoken in BP (but would be clearly understood).

The Orthographic Agreement
Portuguese speaking countries signed an orthographic agreement in 1990. More than unifying spellings, the agreement is oriented to accept one another's spelling as correct. It will be mandatory in Brazil in 2016.

Source: Azevedo, Milton. 2005. Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Governo brasileiro vai adiar obrigatoriedade do Acordo Ortográfico para 2016,Observatório da Língua Portuguesa

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Brazilian Portuguese vs. European Portuguese

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After one of our posts on Facebook showing the a comparitive between few words in Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, I received a lot of emails and ibox messages asking for more information about this topic. So here we are! :) I found this very interesting text (the source is at the end of the...

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É muito importante ter clareza nas orações portuguesas. A colocação das palavras pode ter uma mudança total do significado duma frase. Também, a colocação das palavras pode clarificar a ambiguidade duma oração. Um exemplo é

Consegui ver algum sentido nisso

Sentido algum consegui ver nisso

A primeira frase diz que a pesar de não ficar de acordo com a outra pessoa, ele(ela) consegui entender pelo menos “algum sentido”. Então é tipo uma frase mais positiva.

Mas a frase da abaixo tem um sentido completamente negativo. A pesar do que a pessoa explicou algo, ele(ela) não conseguiu ver nenhum tipo de sentido.

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Português - Colocação das Palavras - Princípio Geral

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Aprenda o princípio geral da Colocação das Palavras com a profa. Priscila. QUER APRENDER MAIS? https://goo.gl/XGiQva Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/stoodibr Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/stoodinoface No site do Stoodi você vai encontrar o módulo sobre colocação das palavras, onde você vai aprender como utilizar as palavras dentro das frases, seguindo princípios de clareza e sonoridade e através de recursos de expressividade como topicalização, focalizarão e inversão de adjetivo e substantivo.

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Uma das coisas mais difíceis no Portuguese é a conjugação dos verbos irregulares a comparação dos regulares.

Quando você tem palavras como beber e relativamente fácil saber que as conjugações consistem do eu “bebo” ou ele “bebe”. Mas no Português tem algumas palavras que não são tão fácil de dizer, especialmente se você tem a mente Espanhola. Um exemplo é conhecer. Esta palavra tem o mesmo final que beber no sentido que as dois palavras terminam com “er”. Mas conhecer é uma das muitas palavras irregulares no mundo Portuguese. Neste caso você não diz simplesmente eu “conheco” mas você tem que adicionar a “ç” para capturar o som correcto da palavra. Este tipo de confusão e muito comum no começo de aprender a língua portuguesa.

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Are you struggling with irregular verbs? No matter how hard you try, can you simply not remember all the irregular verb conjugations in Brazilian Portuguese?

Sure, it's rough. Verb conjugations in Romance languages are a rather arduir (to go)ous endeavor for English speakers because of all the wild irregularities.

Here's the upside: For a basic level of communication in Brazilian Portuguese, you can get by with just three tenses. If you can handle the present, the imperfect and the preterite indicative, you should be able to get your point across in most contexts.

In this post, we'll focus on the present, and specifically on the irregular verbs in the present.

This post isn't for those just starting out with Portuguese, but it's suitable for those who have been studying for a bit already and have some basic vocabulary and familiarity with the regular present tense conjugations.

For our examples here, we use the variety of Portuguese from the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, which is the focus for most learners of Brazilian Portuguese.

The Portuguese for other parts of the world won't vary too much for this topic, with the addition of tu in some areas like Portugal and the very south of Brazil, plus quite different vocabulary in terms of example sentences in some of those dialects.

Having said all that, let's make sense of some irregular Brazilian Portuguese verbs.

The Importance of Learning Portuguese Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense

If your goal is just basic communication, studying present-tense indicative irregular verbs can get you a nearly maximal bang for your grammar-study-time buck.

You'd certainly not want to spend your limited time with the future tense, which is rarely used in spoken Brazilian Portuguese; the concept of the future is more often expressed by the irregular present tense verb ir that we'll see later in this article. And some perfect tense uses will make use of another irregular present tense verb that you'll see here, ter.

So even for those planning to move on eventually to more advanced concepts, you really need to know the irregular present tense conjugations well because they can become the base for other tenses that you'll learn later.

And finally, if you still need to be sold on this subject: The irregular present tense verbs became so irregular through heavy use-they're contorted precisely because they're generally the most common words in the language. Who wouldn't want to know those?

Recap: Regular Brazilian Portuguese Verb Conjugations

I'm assuming here that you know these, but they're absolutely essential for comparison to what's about to come, so here's a quick snapshot of the three regular conjugations in the present tense. (We'll include the translations for the first example but omit them in later examples, as they're self-explanatory.)

Verbs ending in - ar like comprar (to buy):

você/ele/ela compra - you/he/she buys

vocês/eles/elas compram - you (plural)/they (male or mixed gender)/they (female) buy

Verbs ending in - er like beber (to drink):

Verbs ending in - ir like abrir (to open):

As always, the alternate first-person plural a gente (literally "the people," but in this case "we") takes the você/ele/ela endings.

Good so far? Hang on, things will get weirder-but I'll start with the easy stuff.

You can see any of the words below in action on FluentU.

FluentU takes real-world videos-like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks-and turns them into personalized language learning lessons. This makes it easy to see words and concepts as they're actually used by real native speakers in everyday conversation.

A Portuguese learning program is currently in development, so stay tuned for an immersive, authentic way to learn Portuguese, coming soon!

Ever-so-slightly "Irregular" Present Tense Verbs: Spelling Changes

I might be exaggerating just a bit to use the word "irregular" here, but some verbs can look off-kilter to learners and don't at first glance seem to be following the rules above.

In this next example, see if you can spot change as compared to regular conjugation spellings.

Conhecer (to know someone or about something):
vocês/eles/elas conhecem
See how the c became a ç in the eu form? In both cases, the c is pronounced like an s-in the infinitive conhecer that's because the c is followed by an e that makes it all soft and hissy, and in the eu form it's because of that tail-like cedilla hanging from its bottom.

If you were just to speak and never write Portuguese, you wouldn't notice this irregularity at all, because conhecer when conjugated sounds just like any other -er verb. But to maintain the s sound in spelling, we need to change the c to a ç. Otherwise, we'd write a co at the end, and it would sound hard and weird and different from the infinitive, like a ku sound.

Similarly, we need to sometimes with Portuguese verbs in order to preserve the soft g sound.

For example, dirigir (to drive) in its eu form does just that:

We wouldn't want to put go at the end of that conjugation, because the o would give it a hard sound. But in terms of just pronunciation, this could be seen as a regular verb conjugation.
Dropping u
The third major spelling change to be aware of is that sometimes a letter must drop out to maintain consistent pronunciation.

You might recall that sometimes a u slides in after a g to make the g hard, but the u itself isn't pronounced. But we wouldn't want to start pronouncing that u all of a sudden in conjugations where the hardness is already evident (because there's an o after it, for example), so the u drops out.

This happens with conseguir (to obtain, to achieve):

Here are some examples of the verbs we saw in this section, brought to life in full sentences:

Eu conheço todos os forrozeiros de Recife. - I know all of the forró dancers in Recife.

Eu dirijo um carro verde. - I drive a green car.

Eu nunca consigo fazer nada. - I never succeed in doing anything.

But enough of irregular-lite verbs. Let's move on to some troublemakers.

Stem-Changing Verbs in Brazilian Portuguese

There's a weakness in the hearts of some verbs. The stress (pronounced emphasis) falls on the last syllable of Portuguese infinitives, but in the conjugated eu form the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable. Sometimes, that stress can be too much- the vowel under stress ends up changing to something else.

Here, we'll cover some of the most common patterns.

Some verbs stem vowels like in vestir (to dress):

Eu visto o meu filho de roupas roxas. - I dress my son in dark purple.

Recall that this stem change only happens in the eu form (at least of the present indicative, the verb tense we're discussing here). There's no change in the other present indicative forms:

Ele veste o seu filho de roupas roxas. - He dresses his son in dark purple.

Here's another example with the verb mentir (to lie):

Eu não minto nunca; as pessoas confiam em mim. - I don't ever lie; people trust me.

Or sentir (to feel), a verb that's great for waxing romantic:

Eu sinto o calor do abraço do meu namorado como um quente raio de sol de verão na minha pele. - I feel the warmth of my boyfriend's embrace like a warm ray of summer sun on my skin.

Other very common verbs that follow the above pattern include: digerir (to digest), preferir (to prefer), repetir (to repeat) and servir (to serve).

Changing o to u (and vice versa)

Similarly, sometimes stress causes an o to flip to a u in just the eu forms of - ir verbs.

For example, take the verb tossir (to cough):

Eu tusso quando estou resfriado. - I cough when I have a cold.

The reverse is also possible, within only the second- and third-person forms of the verb (but not the eu and nós forms).

Here's an example of this in action:

Ele sempre foge do baile quando vê o seu ex ciumento. - He always escapes from the dance when he sees his jealous ex.

Other verbs with this u to o change in the second and third persons include: subir (to go up, to get on), sacudir (to shake, to boogie down) and sumir (to disappear).

Other stem changes

There are also stem-changing verbs that follow the above e to i and o to u patterns, but do so in all present tense conjugations where the stress falls on that vowel (that is, all conjugations except for the nós form).

This happens with everyone's favorite carnival verb transgredir (to transgress):
você/ele/ela transgride vocês/eles/elas transgridem
Here's an example:

Eu transgrido as normas dos bloggers em apresentar tanta informação de maneira tão animadora. - I transgress bloggers' norms by presenting so much information in such an invigorating way.

You were hoping for a wilder example with transgredir, I'm sure. Let's settle instead on me giving you the absolute craziest, most far-out screwball Portuguese present-tense verb conjugations... coming up next!

Get Your Flashcards Ready: The Most Wildly Irregular Portuguese Present Tense Verbs

You may have felt I was reaching a bit in the previous sections to find patterns and bring order to the Portuguese verbal universe-but at least pretending there's an order can help us maintain the faith needed to memorize these verbs.

But here, my gentle flock, is where you can give up all hope and turn to agnosticism-or else drop Portuguese for a nicely ordered (but invented) language like the totally regular Esperanto.

I'll still try to point out some of the patterns for the following way-out Portuguese verbs where such patterns somewhat exist. But in general, this section is a strong case for flashcards, either literally or with an app like Anki (do create your own cards in the app, rather than downloading, as doing so can in itself be a learning experience).

I remember a decade back, thumbing through my irregular Portuguese verbs on scraps of paper in a park in São Paulo-and then using those same verbs on evenings out dancing samba rock. These are the verbs you use, since they're so common and integral to any conversation.

Irregularities in the eu form

First, there are verbs whose eu form is the only irregularity in the present tense indicative, so we'll just show it here.

caber (to fit):
Example:
Eu caibo nesse espaço pequenininho! - I fit in this tiny space!

saber (to know):
Example:
Eu não sei com certeza o que você acha. -I don't know for sure what you think.

Moving on, some verbs are more broadly irregular, but at least show a bit of a pattern in the non-eu forms.

trazer (to bring):
Example:
Eu trago um vinho para o jantar. - I'm bringing a bottle of wine to supper.

dizer (to say):
Example:
Eu digo claramente o que penso. - I clearly say what I think.

fazer (to do/to make):
Examples:
Vocês fazem bagunça o dia inteiro! - You misbehave/mess things up/make messes all day long!

Ele faz os deveres com o seu filho. - He does homework with his son.

No patterns here: irregular verbs you'll just have to memorize

Let's dive further down the rabbit hole, dears. From here on out you may see some vague semblances of patterns, but it's going to get messy.

ter (to have):
Example:
Tenho vontade de terminar os deveres. - I feel like finishing my homework.

The difference between tem and têm is purely written; the pronunciation in Brazil is identical.

vir (to come):

ver (to see):

As I mentioned earlier, the following verb is useful not just for transport, but also for talking about the future.

ir (to go):
Examples:
Vamos embora às 10:00 da manhã. - We're getting out of here at 10:00 a.m.

Vocês vão dançar um xote essa noite? - Are you guys going to dance a slow forró song tonight?

ser (to be [characteristic]):
Example:
Elas são as minhas amigas. - They're my friends.

The more temporary verb for being has different forms in written and spoken Brazilian Portuguese. The written version is:

estar (to be [temporary]):

In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, the es- at the beginning of the above conjugations is only rarely pronounced. So we might write:

Ela está bem melhor. - She's feeling a lot better.

But we'd say:

Moving on, just a few more oddballs to go...

dar (to give):
Example:
E les sempre lhe dão um presente. - They always give him a present.

poder (to be able to):
Example:
No fim das contas, não posso ir, desculpa. - In the end it turns out I can't go, sorry.

querer (to want):
Example:
Quer dançar comigo? - Do you want to dance with me?

And that's it for our extensive dip into the most popular and useful irregular Portuguese verbs in the present tense.

There are some more irregular verbs out there, however. My Brazilian friends' favorite resource for conjugating any verb (it's tough for them too, sometimes) is Conjugação.com.br (if you try just Googling the verb plus "conjugation" you will, unfortunately, get Spanish verbs in many cases).

I also recommend the books "A Grammar of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese," "Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction" and "Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar" for more detail on the patterns involved in the verbs as well as how to employ them.

I don't recommend conjugation list books, as that information is all available more readily on the conjugation site I mentioned and others.

Be careful as you're learning not to fall into the trap of only learning the conjugations out of context. You want to be able to actually use these odd words in conversation, not just spit them out in order when prompted with the infinitive.

As I mentioned before, for me that meant lacing up my dance shoes at the end of the day, meeting people and spitting out whatever sad little Portuguese phrases I could. For you that might mean any number of other activities (learning-related or not) that get you actually employing these verbs in sentences.

The irregular verbs are so common that you're bound to use them just about any time you open your mouth in the company of Brazilians.

Mose Hayward also writes about his Brazilian dancing adventures for Forró Club.

If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn a language with real-world videos.
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Demystifying Present-tense Portuguese Irregular Verbs: Patterns in Irregularity

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Are you struggling with irregular verbs? No matter how hard you try, can you simply not remember all the irregular verb conjugations in Brazilian Portuguese? Sure, it's rough. Verb conjugations in Romance languages are a rather arduir (to go)ous endeavor for English speakers because of all the wi

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O Português tem muitas formas de pronunciar a letra “o”. Como vimos na aula, se a palavra fica aberta você pode pronunciar “o” como “bought”. Exemplo: bola (ball). Neste caso, se você pensa no espanhol pode ver que o som do “o” não é como espanhol. No segunda caso, se a palavra é fechada você pronuncia a “o” como se fosse “oh”. Agora que a palavra é fechada você pode comparar o som com espanhol. Exemplo: Nome

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In this post we'll learn the different ways you can pronounce the letter o in Brazilian Portuguese words.

Many students of Brazilian Portuguese often tell me they find it difficult to pronounce the letter o in Brazilian Portuguese, mainly because they can't actually hear the difference between the open and closed sounds of it.

Like the o in the English word 'bought'. examples:

bola (ball)

avó (grandmother)

(It's quite common for Brazilians to just say vó without the a)

vó (grandmother)

cola (glue)

pó (dust).
Note that when the o is under the acute accent [ ´ ] it is always pronounced as an open sound, no matter where it is in the word.
2. Closed sound

It's a short 'oh' sound, similar to the o in the English word no:

nome (name)

avô (grandfather)

(It's quite common for Brazilians to just say vô without the a)

vô (grandfather)
Note that when the o is under the circumflex accent [^] is is always pronounced as a closed sound, no matter where it is in the word.
ônibus (bus)

3. oo sound

If the o is the last letter of a word, it is pronounced more like the oo in food.

dedo (finger)

alto (tall)

4. Diphthongs (vowel pairs) with the letter o

io

-> at the end of a word: both vowels blend into [ee-oo] as in you

prédio (building)

-> not at the end of a word: normal closed sound.

biologia (biology)

oi

closed o sound combined with ee

noite (night)

oi (hello/hi)

oa

The o is pronounced with the oo sound

voar (to fly)

ao

ao (to)

caos (chaos)

oe

closed sound (not at the end of a word)

poeta (poet)

ou

closed sound - the u is silent.

Ele chegou. (He arrived.)

Sou (I am)

5. Nasal sounds

Brazilian Portuguese has many nasal vowel sounds. They happen when a vowel is followed by the letter m (and sometimes n) or when the vowel combination has a tilde accent [~]. The sound produced is similar to the sound in English words ending in -ng (song, ping) but when the g is barely pronounced. Let's have a look at some examples of nasal sounds with the vowel o.

ão

I've written a post, with a video as well on how to pronounce words with -ão. Click here to be taken to that post.

mão (hand)

õe

Similar to the -oing sound in boing

om

Similar to the -ong sound in gong

bom (good)

som (sound)

Now that you know the different ways of how to pronounce the letter o in Brazilian Portuguese try this post: Difficult Sounds in Brazilian Portuguese

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How to pronounce the letter 'o' in Brazilian Portuguese

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Many students of Brazilian Portuguese often tell me they find it difficult to pronounce the letter o in Brazilian Portuguese, mainly because they can't actually hear the difference between the open and closed sounds of it. Like the o in the English word 'bought'.

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O Portuguese e o Espanhol são muito similares mais também diferentes. Há algumas coisas que as pessoas têm que considerar quando falam Portuguese e têm as mentes Espanholas. Uma coisa interessante é a formação das conjugações. No português você usa “disse” que tem a translação do “dijo” no espanhol mas “disse” tem e som muito similar a “diz”. O problema é que disse é said (passado) e diz é “says” (presente). Este tipo de conjugações tem a causar problemas com pessoas que falam o Espanhol e o Portuguese.

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Speakt Languages Insights

Both the Portuguese and Spanish languages are among the most common words spoken across the globe. The two languages are not only the most common languages, but both languages share many similarities, and this allows speakers to have a general understanding of each language even if they are not a native speaker!

While the similarities between Spanish and Portuguese are helpful in many aspects, each language has their own unique set of decerning differences that can make it difficult to express a concept effectively.

Not only do many words sound the same between Spanish and Portuguese, but there are also some words that look almost identical. However, as expected, there are also many words that are very different ("window" is ventana in Spanish and janela in Portuguese.

If you are looking for trusted translations between Spanish and Portuguese, then you should only rely on a human translator since there are cases where words may sound the same or look the same, but neither word in either language retains the same meaning.

A machine translation could miss this, and you should always keep an eye out for these small translation errors that can have a significant impact on your message.

A Similar But Difference History Between Spain & Portugal

The unique geographic layout of the Iberian Peninsula has resulted in modern-day Spain and Portugal developing in relative isolation from each other. The Pyrenees mountain range spans the entire Iberian Peninsula that separates Spain and France, and this means that Spain and Portugal are almost cut off from the rest of Europe.

Due to their close proximity of these two countries and their relative isolation from the rest of Europe, both Spain and Portugal have close relationships with each other for both economic and cultural developments.

The Roman Empire played a central role in the development of both countries as Rome brought Latin to the peninsula. Latin continued to dominate the region for almost 600 years before the language underwent extensive changes and saw different variations emerge across the Roman Empire.

As ordinary citizens tried to find ways to speak a language other than classical Latin, a more relaxed version called vulgar Latin started to emerge.

There have been many political and military battles between the two countries in the Iberian Peninsula. The complicated and bloody history between the two countries has developed the identity of each culture, but it can not be denied that the Portuguese and Spanish languages share a rich history that has molded each into the culture and language that we know today.

9 Significant Differences Between Spanish & Portuguese

Spanish and Portuguese both stem from Romance languages, which means they have their roots in Latin. Both Portuguese and Spanish have seen a strong presence throughout the world as a result of European colonialism and globalization.

This means that the two languages share a lexical similarity of almost 90%, but while a majority of words in each language sounds similar, this does not mean they are both the same.

In fact, speakers from each language can have a hard time when trying to communicate between languages due to the differences in pronunciation and syntax.

Let's take a look at nine aspects of each language that can disrupt communication if not considered when speaking between the Spanish and Portuguese languages.

1. Difference between hasta and hacia. The wordhacia does not have a preposition in Portuguese. In short words,hacia indicates the direction to move, and hasta demonstrates that we have arrived.

2. The preposition "a" after verbs. Many Portuguese native speakers place an "a" in the middle of a sentence, while Spanish speakers place the "a" at the end of a sentence.

3. The position of reflexive pronouns. When a tense is gerund or infinite in Spanish, the pronoun merges to the end of the verb. However, when a verb is conjugated, the pronoun is placed before the verb, and it is not jointed.

4. Very similar words (aka false friends) exist between the two languages. Due to their shared language roots, Spanish and Portuguese have many words that sound similar between the two languages. For example, in Spanish almóndiga is slang for "meatball," but in Portuguese, a similar word is pronouncedalbóndiga.

5. Is it muy ormucho? The Portuguese language only has the wordmuito to express this message. Spanish speakers must usemuy before adverbs and adjectives, while mucho is placed before a noun or after a verb.

6. Possessive Nouns. Native Portuguese speakers tend to say a casa dela, while Spanish speakers saysu casa.

7. Future subjective. Portuguese has a future, present, and past subjective.

8. Similar pronunciation but different syllables. There are several words in Spanish and Portuguese that have similar pronunciation, but each word is spoken in different syllables.

9. Some conjugations. Portuguese uses a past tense that sounds like dice, which is the present tense in Spanish. Any conjugation of verbs withvosotros sounds can be complicated for Portuguese speakers to pronounce.

While there are some differences between the two languages, most native Spanish and Portuguese speakers can understand each other if each party speaks clearly.

Avoiding Common "Traps" For Language Translations

Since Portuguese and Spanish share a common history and have many similarities, you can run the risk of having translations that are incorrect or poor quality.

Not only can this result in unprofessional work, but it can also undermine your project's professionalism and perceived authority.

You should only work with a trusted translation service that pays attention to details and strives to deliver translations to help you achieve success.

Many amateur translators will rest on simplistic solutions or rely on their "intuiting" the meaning of words between languages when not really understanding what their actions could entail.

Even the smallest difference between languages can have a significant impact when you need accurate and reliable professional translations today!

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How similar are Portuguese and Spanish? - Speakt.com

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Speakt Languages Insights Both the Portuguese and Spanish languages are among the most common words spoken across the globe. The two languages are not only the most common languages, but both languages share many similarities, and this allows speakers to have a general understanding of each language even if they are not a native speaker!

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Morfologia é a parte da gramática que observa as palavras isoladas ou palavras que seguem algum tipo da regra. Também estuda a estrutura e formação das palavras com suas flexões e classificações. Estes tipos de elementos que formam uma palavra são conhecidos como elementos morficos.
Um exemplo é o elemento “radical” que inclui ferro e ferreiro que são palavras da mesma família. O interessante é o som “ferr” compartido nas duas palavras.

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Morfologia é o tratado das formas que a matéria pode tomar. Do grego "morphe" (morfo = forma) e (logos = estudo).

Morfologia vegetal é a parte da Botânica que estuda as formas e estruturas dos organismos vegetais.

Em Biologia, morfologia é o estudo da forma do organismo ou de partes dele.

Morfologia social é a parte da Sociologia que estuda e classifica as estruturas ou as formas de vida social.

Morfologia na língua portuguesa

No âmbito da língua portuguesa, morfologia é a parte da gramática que estuda as palavras observadas isoladamente. É o estudo da estrutura e formação das palavras, suas flexões e sua classificação. A esses elementos que formam a palavra dá-se o nome de elementos mórficos ou morfemas. São eles:

Radical - é o elemento comum a palavras da mesma família: ferro, ferreiro, ferragem.

Desinência - são elementos que se acrescentam ao radical para indicar aspectos gramaticais. Podem ser: nominal - menin(a)(s), verbais - canta(va)(mos).

Afixos - são elementos que se acrescentam ao radical a fim de formar palavras novas. São eles: prefixo - vem antes do radical - (des)leal, sufixo - vem depois do radical - leal(dade).

Vogal temática - é a vogal que aparece logo após o radical e indica a conjugação. São elas: (a, e, i) - cant(a)va, vend(e)ra, part(i)sse.

Tema - é o radical mais a vogal temática, ou seja: canta, vende, parti.

Morfologia e Sintaxe

Enquanto a morfologia estuda a estrutura da palavra, observada isoladamente, a Sintaxe trata da relação lógica das palavras na frase. Analisar sintaticamente uma frase significa estudar cada elemento que a constitui (sujeito, predicado, objeto, adjuntos etc.), a fim de verificar a relação lógica existente entre esses elementos.

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Morfologia é o tratado das formas que a matéria pode tomar. Do grego "morphe" (morfo = forma) e (logos = estudo). Morfologia vegetal é a parte da Botânica que estuda as formas e estruturas dos organismos vegetais. Em Biologia, morfologia é o estudo da forma do organismo ou de partes dele.

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Portugal Table of Contents

Portugal was profoundly Roman Catholic. According to common saying, "to be Portuguese is to be Catholic," and approximately 97 percent of the population considered itself Roman Catholic--the highest percentage in Western Europe. Only about one-third of the population attended mass and took the sacraments regularly, but nearly all Portuguese wished to be baptized and married in the church and to receive its last rites.

Portugal was Roman Catholic not only in a religious sense, but also socially and culturally. Although church and state were formally separated during the First Republic (1910-26), a separation reiterated in the constitution of 1976, the two still formed a seamless web in many areas of life. Catholic precepts historically undergirded the society, as well as the polity. The traditional notions of authority, hierarchy, and accepting one's station in life all stemmed from Roman Catholic teachings. Many Portuguese holidays and festivals had religious origins, and the country's moral and legal codes derived from Roman Catholic precepts. The educational and health care systems were long the church's preserve, and whenever a building, bridge, or highway was opened, it received the blessing of the clergy. Hence, although church and state were formally separated, absolute separation was not possible in practice.

History

Portugal was first Christianized while part of the Roman Empire. Christianity was solidified when the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe already Christianized, came into the Iberian Peninsula in the fifth century. Christianity was nearly extinguished in southern Portugal during Moorish rule, but in the north it provided the cultural and religious cement that helped hold Portugal together as a distinctive entity. By the same token, Christianity was the rallying cry of those who rose up against the Moors and sought to drive them out. Hence, Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church predated the establishment of the Portuguese nation, a point that shaped relations between the two.

Under Afonso Henriques (r. 1139-85), the first king of Portugal and the founder of the Portuguese state, church and state were unified into a lasting and mutually beneficial partnership. To secure papal recognition of his country, Afonso declared Portugal a vassal state of the pope. The king found the church to be a useful ally as he drove the Moors toward the south and out of Portuguese territory. For its support of his policies, Afonso richly rewarded the church by granting it vast lands and privileges in the territories conquered from the Moors. The church became the country's largest landowner, and its power came to be equal to that of the nobility, the military orders, and even, for a time, the crown. But Afonso also asserted his supremacy over the church, a supremacy that--with various ups and downs--was maintained.

Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable, their relative power fluctuated. In the thirteenth century and fourteenth century, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest and its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism. For a time the church's position vis--vis the state diminished until the growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization.

In 1497, reflecting events that had occurred five years earlier in Spain, Portugal expelled the Jews and the remaining Moors--or forced them to convert. In 1536 the pope gave King Joo III (r.1521-57) permission to establish the Inquisition in Portugal to enforce the purity of the faith. Earlier the country had been rather tolerant, but now orthodoxy and intolerance reigned. The Jesuit order was placed in charge of all education.

In the eighteenth century, antichurch sentiment became strong. The Marqus de Pombal (r.1750-77) expelled the Jesuits in 1759, broke relations with Rome, and brought education under the state's control. Pombal was eventually removed from his office, and many of his reforms were undone, but anticlericalism remained a force in Portuguese society. In 1821 the Inquisition was abolished, religious orders were banned, and the church lost much of its property. Relations between church and state improved in the second half of the nineteenth century, but a new wave of anticlericalism emerged with the establishment of the First Republic in 1910. Not only were church properties seized and education secularized, but the republic went so far as to ban the ringing of church bells, the wearing of clerical garb on the streets, and the holding of many popular, religious festivals. These radical steps antagonized many deeply religious Portuguese, cost the republic popular support, and paved the way for its overthrow and the establishment of a conservative right-wing regime.

The Salazar Regime
Changes After the Revolution of 1974
Religious Practices
Non-Catholic Religious Groups

Source: U.S. Library of Congress

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Portugal Table of Contents Portugal was profoundly Roman Catholic. According to common saying, "to be Portuguese is to be Catholic," and approximately 97 percent of the population considered itself Roman Catholic--the highest percentage in Western Europe.

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A última parte do século quinze e primeira parte do século dezesseis foi um tempo de muita mudança. Quando o Colombus e Antônio de Nebrija chegaram à  América, Antônio escreveu “gramática da língua castelhana” que foi a primeira gramática duma língua romântica. Depois, na Europa o poder dos Muçulmanos terminou quando os Católicos colherem poder da Espanha. Além disso, os Católicos intentaram mudar a religião de Judia a católica. Os que não queriam mudar da religião terminaram no Portugal como refugiados.

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The Sound of the Mozarabic / Andalusi Romance language (Numbers, Greetings & The Wren)

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Uma coisa muito interesante da conquista dos Árabe na Península Ibérica foi a formação dos diferentes tipos da língua vernacular, como os Cristianos que falavam Mozarabic. Nessa era Cristiana, na região do Barcelona foi o origem do catalan que foi desenvolvido na Valência, Alicante, e outras regiões pelos esforços militares. Em adição, na parte noroeste da península nasceu o vernacular conhecido como “Galician-Portuguese” que foi a base da galícia moderna e o portuguese.

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"They look similar!" I can already hear you saying. "Look, just change this, and constituci ón becomes constituição. Todo is tudu and bien is bem. Lengua is lingua, and is idioma. They're just dialects of the same language."

Yes and no.

Now, no. Portuguese and Spanish are currently quite different. You can't learn one and expect to function effortlessly in the other. Portuguese sounds are quite different from Spanish ones, as are the two languages' vocabularies. And which variety of present-day Portuguese and Spanish are we talking about, specifically? There's Argentine Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, for starters, and Canary Islands Spanish and Guinean Portuguese, not to mention the regional differences between Portuguese and Spanish dialects within Portugal and Spain themselves.

But once upon a time, yes. Portuguese and Spanish were, basically, dialects of the same language. That language was Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, from which all Romance languages spring.

Hundreds of years later, how have Portuguese and Spanish grown apart, and why? And will they always be different?

Iberian siblings

Spain and Portugal presently occupy almost the entirety of the Iberian Peninsula, the spit of land that sticks out of Western Europe just below France. (Almost, but not quite: the tiny Principality of Andorra sits snug along the border of Spain and France, ensconced in the embrace of the Eastern Pyrenees.) The Iberian Peninsula is where Portuguese and Spanish were 'born' (if languages can be born) and it is also the main reason why Portuguese and Spanish are much closer to each other than to the other major Romance languages: it has allowed them to develop in relative isolation. Indeed, this is plain to see on a map: the oceans surround the western, southern and eastern edges of the Peninsula, while to the north, the Pyrenees form a natural border with France. It is for this reason also that Portuguese and Spanish are usually known as the Iberian or Iberoamerican languages.

But Portuguese and Spanish were not the first languages on the Peninsula, nor are they those first languages' descendants. They come from a very different place.

All roads lead from Rome

The story of Portuguese and Spanish, as with all Romance languages, actually begins in Italy. Or, more specifically, with the Roman Empire, which spoke Latin and spread the language across the lands that it conquered and governed.

At their height, the Romans controlled almost all the areas immediately surrounding the Mediterranean, including modern-day Italy, Croatia, the Levant (the area around modern-day Israel, Lebanon and Syria), the Maghreb (modern-day Morocco), and the Iberian peninsula (which the Romans called 'Hispania'). Latin, as the language of the Roman Empire, was thus brought into all these places, and it gradually began to supersede the use of many other languages on the Peninsula.

Aquitanian, Tartessian, Lusitanian, Celtiberian: these are some of the languages believed to have existed on the peninsula before the arrival of the Romans in 218 BCE. All have now been lost to history (except perhaps Aquitanian, which may have survived in its possible daughter language, Basque, and which you can read about here) because Latin superseded them all in the new Roman province of Hispania. At this time, there was no Spain or Portugal to speak of; there was only Hispania, initially divided into two sections, Hispania Ulterior and Citerior, which became three from 27 BCE: Lusitania (the south-west), Baetica (the south), and Tarraconensis (the rest); and then five from 284 CE, with swathes of Tarraconensis becoming the new provinces of Galicia (the north-west) and Cartaginense (the south-east).

Thus, for the next 600 years, Latin continued to reign supreme on the Iberian Peninsula, as it did in most of the other areas of the Roman Empire.

Latin, however, was itself changing. Just as there are formal and informal versions of Arabic and Tamil today, spoken in different contexts, so too were there different varieties of Latin emerging in the Empire. There was a standardised, 'higher' version of Latin, which we call Classical Latin, spoken in more formal contexts like matters of administration and, later, in churches; and then there was the more informal Latin that everyday people spoke, which gradually came to be called colloquial or Vulgar Latin.

Vulgar Latin developed differently in different parts of the Empire. Not all the reasons for the differences are known, but one main factor could be that different parts of the Empire had different indigenous languages that came into contact with Latin, and thus different parts of the Empire had different loanwords (and eventually vocabularies) in their versions of Vulgar Latin. For example, the Vulgar Latin spoken in Spain and Portugal might have included loanwords from Celtiberian, whereas the Vulgar Latin spoken in France might have loanwords from other indigenous languages instead such as Gaulish.

Of course, Vulgar Latin was frowned upon by authorities and those from the higher echelons of society, and Classical Latin remained their language of choice; they maintained it as a unifying language that was used for administration in all parts of the Roman Empire. Thus, as long as the Empire stayed intact, so too did Latin.

Gothic and Arabic

Like all great empires, however, the Roman Empire was destined to fall. As its influence and control over the territories on its periphery began to weaken significantly, territories like Hispania began in the 5 th century CE to experience several waves of invasions by Germanic peoples like the Vandals, the Alans, and the Visigoths. Eventually, Hispania came under control of this last group, the Visigoths, who were invited to rule the province for Rome by Emperor Honorius in 415 CE, and who gradually took complete control of it, especially after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.

The new kings were native speakers of Gothic, a distant but now extinct relative of today's German and English. Gothic never really caught on in Hispania, and remained the language of the upper classes, while the majority of the population continued to use Vulgar Latin for everyday communication and interaction. However, with Classical Latin no longer readily available for 'reference' as the standard to aspire to, Vulgar Latin in Hispania likely began to change further, incorporating several new features from Gothic.

Then, beginning in 711 CE, Visigothic Hispania was almost entirely conquered by the Moors of the Umayyad Caliphate, becoming the new Muslim kingdom of Al-Andalus. In a series of swift, lightning-fast conquests, the Umayyads took almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, and replaced Gothic with Arabic as the language of the elite.

However, the Vulgar Latin dialects continued to survive in large part because most of the population remained Christian despite now being subject to heavy Arabic influence. For this reason, the Vulgar Latin of this time is known as Mozarabic. As had been the case under the Visigoth kings, Mozarabic was spoken by a large majority of the population, while Arabic was only used by the upper echelons of society.

Whence Portuguese and Spanish, then? At last, with the Muslim conquest of Spain, they were beginning to appear.

Beloved Homeland

In the northwest corner of Spain, the tiny kingdom of Asturias successfully resisted the Moors, and was able to recover and grow in strength throughout the 9 th and 10 th centuries CE. This one remaining Christian bulwark on the peninsula thus served as the nucleus of the movement known as the Reconquista or the Christian reconquering of Spain, and also as the nucleus from which Portuguese and Spanish as we know them today were eventually born.

At its inception, Asturias was composed of the modern-day regions of Asturias and Galicia, which were never fully under the control of the Moors. Indeed, Galicia especially had remained fiercely distinctive since the 4 th century. In 409 CE, slightly earlier than the rest of the peninsula, it had become a separate Roman vassal state under the Suebi, a separate Germanic race from the Visigoths, and remained an independent Suebi kingdom until 585 CE, when Visigoth King Leovigild absorbed it into the rest of Visigoth Hispania. Galician dialects of Vulgar Latin were thus already rather more divergent compared to Vulgar Latin and Mozarabic dialects on the rest of the peninsula, and even compared to their Asturian brethren.

Enter a Galician nobleman named Vimara Peres, who at the end of the 9 th century CE, led an Asturian force to conquer a sizeable chunk of Andalusian territory between the Minho and Douro rivers. Asturian King Alfonso III awarded the entire region to Peres as a County, and Peres resettled the area with Galician colonists. He also named it after the largest port city in the region, Portus Cale -taken today as the origin of the name Portugal. From this point on, Portugal began to develop its own regional identity, and indeed, its own distinct Vulgar Latin dialects, separate from the Asturian ones.

Portuguese and Spanish

Eventually, Asturias splintered into several successor states as various kings and heirs fought for control over the area. Two of these successor states were the Kingdom of Leon, and the County of Portugal, the latter of which declared its independence as a separate Kingdom from Leon in 1143 under King Afonso Henrique, and by which time had expanded to fill out most of the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese was also by this time a markedly different dialect from the other Vulgar Latin daughter dialects, and Portugal's separation from Leon ensured that this would continue to be so.

Meanwhile, Leon, later the Kingdom of Leon and Castile, gradually began to assert itself as the dominant force in the central area of the Peninsula. It eventually defeated the Moorish kingdoms, and expanded to control the territory of modern-day Spain by the end of the 15 th century CE. The Vulgar Latin daughter dialect that eventually became the language that we know today as Spanish was the Castilian dialect that originated with Leon and Castile, and which became standardised in written form in the 13 th century around the city of Toledo through the work of the Toledo School of Translators. Under the official patronage of King Alfonso X, this group worked to translate a large body of various Arabic and Hebrew texts into Latin and, for the first time, Castilian, giving Castilian a sizeable body of "official" written language, and in doing so laying the foundations for Castilian's eventual dominance over the other daughter dialects of Vulgar Latin.

Differences today

Today, both Standard Castilian Spanish and Standard Continental Portuguese reflect this rich tapestry of linguistic and cultural history, with a sizeable number of loanwords from Arabic, Gothic and (in the case of Spanish) Basque. Both languages retain similar grammatical features and syntax, and also share many cognates, or root word forms, as a result of their common descent from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the peninsula.

However, Portuguese and Spanish differ mainly because of their different origins during the period following the Muslim conquest of Iberia and the advent of the Reconquista. Modern-day Portugal was conquered and consolidated as a stable kingdom much earlier than Spain, and thus the process of the standardisation of Portuguese began earlier than that of Spanish, resulting in Portuguese retaining more recognisable features of Vulgar Latin than Spanish, whose original core dialects evolved and became standardised much later. Geography, both natural and political, has also played a part-had Portugal not remained an independent kingdom and state, it is conceivable that Portuguese might have deteriorated, much as the other Vulgar Latin dialects have today. (The reverse with Castilian Spanish is possible too, though much more unlikely, due to the relative size of the two polities).

Other Vulgar Latin dialects?

What happened to those, I hear you ask? After all, there were other successor states to Asturias, like Aragon, and Navarre. Surely they had their own unique dialects. And what happened to Leonese and Galician?

The answer is that with the process of standardisation, other dialects that have not been chosen as the standard often become marginalised and are left to simply fade away. In many cases, this is exactly what happened with the other dialects up until recent times: Aragonese, Leonese, and Navarrese are all still spoken, but by relatively few people, as Castilian Spanish became the sole language of use in almost all domains of public life after the 15 th century. Nonetheless, Galicia has managed to maintain its strong distinctive regional identity, and Galician has survived quite well into the present day as a strong marker of that identity. Galician and Portuguese continue to be rather more mutually intelligible than Portuguese and Spanish as a result of Portuguese's evolution from the Galician Vulgar Latin dialects; indeed, most linguists agree that Galician and Portuguese form a sort of continuum of intelligibility. Two other languages that have experienced a resurgence on the peninsula are Catalan, which after almost near-extinction has reemerged as one of the primary drivers of the Catalan independence movement, and Basque, very probably the last survivor of the languages originally spoken on the peninsula before the coming of the Romans.

The New World

Now that you know how Portuguese and Spanish came to be, the question is, where are they going?

In the 14 th and 15 th centuries, Portuguese and Spanish explorers were an integral part of the European Age of Exploration, which saw the colonisation and domination of Africa, the Americas, and much of Asia by European colonists. Portuguese and Spanish came to override indigenous languages in much the same way Latin did, and with almost identical end results: Spanish is now the dominant language in most of Central and South America at the expense of many native languages, while Brazilian Portuguese has far outstripped Continental Portuguese in terms of number of speakers and influence. Both languages have also left their mark on daughter languages as far flung as Tagalog in the Philippines, Kristang in Malaysia, and Guinean Creole in Guinea-Bissau.

With the collapse of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires in the 18 th and 19 th centuries, all these varieties and offshoots of Portuguese and Spanish have been largely left to develop on their own, much as the various dialects of Vulgar Latin were left to their own devices after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. And already we are seeing marked differences: Brazilian Portuguese speakers, for example, often pronounce initial 'd' sounds with a sound rather like the English 'j', an innovation unknown to Continental Portuguese, while Argentinian Spanish speakers are famous for their almost lyrical intonation patterns, a feature not found in Castilian Spanish. Chilean Spanish is full of loans from Quechua, while informal Angolan Portuguese is filled with loans from Kimbundu.

It seems possible that both languages might go the way of their once dominant Roman parent. Already we sometimes speak not of Portuguese and Spanish, but Portugueses and Spanishes; in a hundred years, perhaps we might even speak of an Iberian language family. As the Spanish saying goes, no hay dos sin tres -never two without three.

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Iberia's children: A short history of why Portuguese and Spanish are different | Unravel Magazine

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Once upon a time, Portuguese and Spanish were, basically, dialects of the same language: Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. Hundreds of years later, how have Portuguese and Spanish grown apart, and why? And will they always be different?

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O Portuguese e uma língua de romance. É muito parecido com o Catalan, Frances, Italiano e outras línguas no leste do mundo. O romance, nesta situação, não tem nada que ver com o amor mas vem do verbo Latin “romanice”. O Portuguese é uma língua muito nova em comparação a outras. O Latin era o que a gente falava mas com o crescimento do Portugal como estado as pessoas começaram a falar Portuguese. Em total, a península do Portugal durou quase 700 anos falando um estilo de Latin.

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Swords Against The Senate: The Rise Of The Roman Army And The Fall Of The Republic

Swords Against the Senate describes the first three decades of Rome's century-long civil war that transformed it from a republic to an imperial autocracy, from the Rome of citizen leaders to the Rome of decadent emperor thugs.

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Swords Against The Senate: The Rise Of The Roman Army And The Fall Of The Republic Swords Against the Senate describes the first three decades of Rome's century-long civil war that transformed it from a republic to an imperial autocracy, from the Rome of citizen leaders to the Rome of decadent emperor thugs.

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Interest in Brazil and the Portuguese language has skyrocketed over the past few years. With major events such as the 2014 World Cup and the Games taking place in Brazil this summer, more people than ever before are either learning Portuguese, or simply trying to get to know more about the 6th largest language in the world (in terms of native speakers).

In the video above, 7 non-native Portuguese speakers from 7 different countries (some already fluent in Portuguese, others not so much) give everything they've got to pronounce some tricky words in Portuguese.

Think you could do better? To help you master the art of Portuguese pronunciation, here are a few tips on conquering those pesky tongue-twisting Portuguese words.

1. Exceção (exception)

xc - The letter "x" can be a big problem for people learning Portuguese. There are 5 different ways of pronouncing it, and the rules governing when to use each pronunciation have so many exceptions that it's better not to bother. We recommend consulting a dictionary with phonetic transcriptions. For example, when "x" is combined with "c," it sounds like "s" as in "soap."

ç - This symbol under the "c" is called cedilla (or "cedilha," in Portuguese) and it changes the way the "c" is pronounced in languages like Portuguese, French and Catalan. In some languages, like Turkish and Kurdish, it exists as a proper letter in its own right - the "Ꝣ." In Portuguese, it's pronounced like an "s" as in "Saturday."

ão - This one is a real nightmare for non-native Portuguese speakers. There is no exact match for it in the English language, but if you think of "oun" being spoken in a very nasal way you're getting close. The symbol on top of the "a" is called tilde (also "til" in Portuguese), and indicates that the vowel is pronounced nasally.

2. Amanhã (tomorrow)

nh - Another sound with no real equivalent in English, it is pronounced in a similar way as "ny" in "Enya."

ã - Also pronounced nasally, this is somewhat similar to "an."

3. Lagartixa (tropical house gecko)

x - As explained above, the "x" in Portuguese can be pronounced in 5 different ways. Here, it is pronounced in the same way as the "sh" in "shocked."

4. Trocadilho (word pun)

lh - The "h" after the "l" is pronounced like a very short "i."

5. Cabeleireiro (hairdresser)

ei - Pronounced like the "ay" in "lay." This sound is repeated for both the "lei" and "rei" parts of this word.

r - When placed between two vowels, the "r" makes a sound similar to a "d". Say repeatedly "dadadada." The "d" becomes softer and softer until you naturally start hearing "dadararara." Ta-da!

6. Paralelepípedo (paving stone, parallelepiped)

It may have simple phonemes, but the real difficulty of this word lies in its repeated switching of vowels and consonants. The stressed syllable, as the acute accent indicates, is on "pí."

7. Otorrinolaringologista (otolaryngologist)

The main issue here of course is the size of the word, but let's take a look at a few of the sounds in particular:

rr - Pronounced the same way as the "h" in "house," this rule also applies to a single "r" if it's placed at the beginning of a word. So, if you'd like to pronounce the name of the host city of the 2016 Olympics like an authentic Brazilian, you should say something like "Hio de Janeido."

go - When placed before the vowels "o," "a" and "u," the "g" in Portuguese sounds like the "g" in the words "gorilla," "garlic" and "gun."

gi - When it comes before the vowels "e" and "i," the "g" has a sound that can be described as something between the "g" in "gigolo" and the "sh" in "she." This soft "g" is also similar to the way the "s" is pronounced in "unusual."

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7 Portuguese Words You'll Struggle To Pronounce (If You're Not Brazilian)

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Interest in Brazil and the Portuguese language has skyrocketed over the past few years. With major events such as the 2014 World Cup and the Games taking place in Brazil this summer, more people than ever before are either learning Portuguese, or simply trying to get to know more about the 6th largest language in the world (in terms of native speakers).

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If you've been practicing your Portuguese, by now you know that we use diminutives quite often. We talk about uma cervejinha, um cineminha, or uma mãozinha all the time. It's a lot of and , right?

And why is it important to learn how to use diminutives?

Because diminutives communicate much more than just size. If you don't know how to use them, you might miss what your friend or coworker actually said. In addition, you can be more effective in your communications when you know how and when to use diminutives.

In this lesson you will learn:

1. How to use diminutives and all the meanings they can communicate

2. How to form the diminutives

You might be surprised with all the different ideas that a diminutive can communicate, from size to dislikes.

I have a cultural note for you at the end of the lesson.

Here is the video:

I am going to start with how to use diminutives, even before you learn how to form diminutive words, because this is the fun part 🙂

Additionally, as you see diminutives in use, you will get a feel for how they sound and how useful they are. Then it is easier to look at rules and fine tune your knowledge.

Diminutives literally translate to English by placing the word "little" before the original word. However, the use of diminutives is not always associated with size. You can have a tall and strong friend that everyone calls Paulinho.

We can communicate the following ideas by using the diminutive.

1. Small size

Imagine that you are walking down the street and you see one of those tiny, super cute dogs. You can say:

Que cachorrinho tão fofo! = What a cute little dog.

2. Affection

Diminutives are often used to refer to people you like.

Você é meu anjinho. = You are my little angel.

Gosto muito de você, Leãozinho. = I like you very much, little lion. This phrase is from Caetano Veloso's song Leãozinho.

3. Irony or sarcasm

Diminutives are a common way to express irony or sarcasm, as in the example below:

Posso imaginar a casinha onde Bill Gates mora. = I can imagine the "little" house where Bill Gates lives.

I don't know Bill Gate's house, but I bet is isn't a small place, right?

4. Putting something or someone down

Este é um jornalzinho sem qualidade. = This is a bad quality newspaper.

This newspaper may be the biggest in the country. The use of a diminutive here is not about size. The tone of the speaker will help you understand that s/he does not like the newspaper.

5. Lessening the importance of something

Estou com uma dorzinha de cabeça chata. = I have a minor headache that is bothering me.

6. Emphasizing something

Preciso acordar bem cedinho amanhã. = I need to wake up very early tomorrow.

7. We often use the diminutive because it sounds friendly and informal

Pode me dar uma mãozinha? = Can you give me a hand?

I might be asking for a huge favor and still use mãozinha. It makes the request more friendly and smoother.

Vamos pegar um cineminha hoje? = Let's catch a movie today.

It might be a 3-hour long movie. It isn't about size.

A gente vai tomar uma cervejinha mais tarde. = We are going to get a beer later today.

We might drink all the beer in the world. The diminutive here is not about quantity. It is just a casual and friendly way to speak.

By the way, in Portuguese diminutive = Diminutivo.

Here are the 6 rules that you need to know to form the diminutives correctly. It's pretty easy.

1. Words that end in a non-stressed vowel

When the word ends in a vowel and the last syllable is not the stressed (stronger) syllable of the word:

The general rule is that masculine words will end in - inho and feminine words will end in - inha. However there are funny words, such as cinema which is a masculine noun that ends in . When that is the case, use - inha even though it is a masculine noun.

Examples:

Uma casa (house): uma casinha

Uma garota (girl): uma garotinha

Um carro (car): um carrinho

Um cachorro (dog): um cachorrinho

Um monte (a mount; a bunch of something): um motinho

2. Words that end in a stressed vowel

When the word ends in a stressed vowel, that is, it ends in a vowel and the last syllable is the stressed (stronger) syllable of the word:

Remove the graphic accent, if there is one

Add -zinho (masculine words) or -zinha (feminine words)

Examples:

O pé (foot): o pezinho

O sofá (couch): o sofazinho

O café (coffee): o cafezinho

O tatu (armadillo): o tatuzinho

3. Words that end in a consonant

When the word ends in consonant:

Add -zinho (masculine words) or -zinha (feminine words)

Examples:

O papel (paper): o papelzinho

A flor (flower): a florzinha

O amor (love): o amorzinho

When the word ends in M, replace it with an N:

Bom (good): bonzinho

Neném (baby): nenenzinho

4. Words that end in a diphthong

A diphthong is a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable. When you have that:

Add -zinho (masculine words) or -zinha (feminine words)

Examples:

O coração (heart): o coraçãozinho

O pão (bread): o pãozinho

A mão (hand): a mãozinha

5. Words that end in -ca, -co,

In addition to adding - inho or - inha as seen in rule 1 above, there is a spelling rule for words that end in - ca or - co:

Examples:

O macaco (monkey): o macaquinho

A vaca (cow): a vaquinha

6. Words that end in -ga, -go,

In addition to adding - inho or - inha as seen in rule 1 above, there is a spelling rule for words that end in - ga or - do:

Examples:

O lago (lake): o laguinho

A manga (mango): a manguinha

With the rules above in mind, what is the diminutive of your name? Mine is Lucianinha 🙂 My mom calls me like that sometimes <3

Women use diminutives more than men in Brazil. Yes, there are studies that show this. If you are a guy, keep this in mind and observe your male friends to get a feel for the use of diminutives.

I sometimes hear Portuguese learners using the diminutive in ways that do not sound natural. It happens especially with men. I am sharing this with you because I want you to know that it may take some trial and error to get it right. Do not feel discouraged if you use a diminutive and get corrected on it. It is a part of learning.

Struggling with Portuguese? There is no need to! Learn and practice with a friendly and professional Street Smart Brazil instructor. You will quickly see the benefits of regular practice with a good teacher. Don't waste any time: Book a Trial Lesson now.

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How to Use Diminutives in Brazilian Portuguese | Street Smart Brazil

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If you've been practicing your Portuguese, by now you know that we use diminutives quite often. We talk about uma cervejinha, um cineminha, or uma mãozinha all the time. It's a lot of and , right? And why is it important to learn how to use diminutives?

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📌DITONGO, TRITONGO E HIATO [FÁCIL DE APRENDER] [Prof. Alda]

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Portuguese Language Learning for Missionaries

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Os Romanos chegaram a península ao redor de 200 BC. Nesses tempos a peninsula foi dívida e chamada Hispania . O artigo fala mais sobre as conquistas e diz que as ações do Carthage empeçou a conquista da Hispania. Hannibal, o líder do Carthage, também empeçou a invadir Itália e outros lugares na Europa mas Cornelius Scipio, o geral dos Romanos, lhe ganhou Hannibal na guerra de Zama.

Depois da todas as guerras a Hispania foi dividida na Hispania citerior e Hispania ulterior. Eram partes com muito

dinheiro, especificamente ouro e prata.

Além disso, foi um dos lugares com mais importância Romana e também foi a base da exportação de muitos recursos como ouro e vinho.

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Na linguística você tem harmonia vocal. O efeito da harmonia é para que algumas palavras possam ter o som diminutivo. No inglês você poder ver numa canção famosa que o cantor diz “tinie weenie” mas a palavra correta e original é “tiny”. No português você vê que é muito habitual que as pessoas usarem o diminutivo para ter o ênfase “fofo”. Mas também, o diminutivo pode ser usado para expressar sarcasmo o outro tipo de expressão. No vídeo tem muitos exemplos sobre este fenômeno. Por exemplo, quando você tá falando duma casa conhecida e enorme, é comum dizer a casinha, que não é necessariamente formal mas é típico e mostra sarcasmo porque a casa é obviamente grande não diminutiva.

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Há algumas palavras no português que as pessoas têm a ter dificuldades pronunciando. O vídeo e muito interessante no sentido que você pode ver pessoas da Itália, os Estados Unidos, e outros lugares pronunciado este tipo de palavras. Além disso, é

fácil saber quem fala uma língua romântica como os da Itália e quem não fala, como os da América. Também, pomos ver que é mais fácil pronunciar uma palavra quando você já vem falando uma língua romântica porque a linguística é paralela. As palavras mais interessantes foram lagartixa e exceção porque a “x” tem 4 diferentes tipos de pronunciação no português. Então, no caso de exceção você pronuncia a “x” como se fosse “s” mas na “lagartixa” a “x” tem o som de “sh”.

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As vogais no portuense são a-i-e-o-u. Uma coisa única na linguística são os encontros vocálicos que passam quando duas o mais vogais ficam na mesma palavra. No capítulo dois falávamos de ditongo que é um tipo de encontro vocálico. Ditongo e quando há dois sons vocálicos que se encontram na mesma sílaba. Alguns exemplos são as palavras noite ou primeiro. Os encontros vocálicos ficam juntos na mesma sílaba. Na palavra, noite, você poder ver que a “I” e “o” se encontram juntas então quando você pronuncia noite não diz “no-i-te” mas é tipo “noi-te”.

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A patalisação só afeita a letra “d” y “t”. É algo que não tem que ver se  é correto o errado mas é dependendo do lugar, da cidade o da região de onde alguém é. Muitas pessoas fora do Brasil não prestam atenção se falam com a patalisação mas é algo que definitivamente dá um sotaque mais autêntico e brasileiro. As letras “de” e “te” precisam de ser final e não estressadas para que você tenha palavras como realidaDE ou quenTE. Pessoalmente, é interessante que no inglês você também tem a patalisação e pode ver nas palavras como “mature” que você não pronúncia “Maturr” mas é mais tipo “much-sure”.