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What does this tell us about why governments would fail to change behavior and solve injustices. 

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What does this tell us about why governments would fail to change behavior and solve injustices. 

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The United States was unable to go far enough to enforce necessary laws and liberties, leading to the continuation of things such as slavery and injustice. The government was not stern enough in keeping reconstruction alive and due to the shortcomings of the government,  reconstruction failed miserably. Therefore, if a government wanted to take a stand, they must be strong and stick to there policies and laws rather than losing support and approval. In the Bargain of 1877, The compromise declared that Rutherford B. Hayes would be the President of the United States in exchange for the withdrawal of troops from the South and the support of the democrats taking full control of the south (Crash Course). It is clear to see through actions like these that the government was not completely serious about letting the slaves have rights. The government was indecisive in their pursuit of rights for the slaves. In conclusion, if governments do not commit fully to passing laws, they will fail in their objectives and end up exactly where they started.

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Following the Civil War, Reconstruction strained to stay animate because of the United States' inability to provide former slaves with the economic resources they were promised, the damaging effects of the Bargain of 1877, and the harsh Jim Crow Laws that were implemented into the United States.

The failure of reconstruction was mainly due to the liberties and rights of African Americans that were still being suppressed. The Jim Crow Laws further divided the country and it imposed measures aimed at keeping African Americans inferior to the rest of the population (Crash Course). Reconstruction in the United States had a goal of extending rights and citizenship to all former slaves. However, this was not achieved with the Jim Crow laws that did not recognize former slaves as equal citizens. This injustice extended to the formation of violent terror groups like the infamous Ku Klux Klan (Crash Course). The KKK took egregious actions against the Republican party and African Americans. This group wanted to maintain black economic instability and ensure the white population was superior. The Jim Crow Laws and the various terror groups ultimately ended reconstruction and turned American into a violent and segregated country again.

During the Civil War, slaves were promised opportunities and rewards for their heroic actions in the war. They were promised large parcels of land, this land would come from the South after the North has control. Even Union General William Tecumseh Sherman made the promise to the African Americans fighting for him that after they won the war they all would get 40 acres of land and a mule (Textbook; Chapter 12). These African Americans were promised these rewards, however, they never received them. Rather, African Americans were still treated inhumanely and subjected to inferiority. Instead of the slaves getting all this Southern land acquired from the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson reversed Sherman's order. This gave the land back to its former Confederate owners and left the former slaves that fought in the war with nothing. These former slaves were not considered citizens and they got nothing for their courageous service in the Civil War. They fought in the war for their freedom and liberties, however, when these African Americans won the Civil War nothing was compensated to them. Reconstruction fell apart because of this continued segregation and the South looked a lot like it had been before the Civil War.

With the movements of Reconstruction rapidly declining in strength, the Bargain of 1877 basically killed reconstruction in the United States. The compromise declared that Rutherford B. Hayes would be the President of the United States in exchange for the withdrawal of troops from the South and the support of the democrats taking full control of the South (Crash Course). This tough position led to Hayes taking the proposition and upholding his end of the bargain. The democrats had full control over the South after this bargain and it ended reconstruction as Northerners had no jurisdiction over the southern states anymore. Republicans lost interest in Reconstruction as their power started to dwindle to nothing in the South. The Democrats had free control of the Southern states and they had the freedom to go back to restricting the freedom of African Americans. Reconstruction failed in what it was trying to accomplish and it further deepened the segregation between Whites and Blacks in the United States.

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Sharecropping look very good when it was introduced in the United States. However it lead to former slaves just staying in the same situation as they were when they were slaves. These former slaves were doing the lots of hard labor for little pay. Sharecropping was very similar to slaves and had a negative impact on the black populations rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 led to sharecropping because the act gave freedom to the former slaves. this freedom led many former slaves to be out of a job and a home, so they had to take up sharecropping which was essentially slavery with little benefits.

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African Americans established institutions that had been denied them during slavery: schools,
churches, and families. This relates to the 14th and 15th amendment because both of these amendments created many new rights that had been non-existent to the slaves before reconstruction.

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Radical Republican governments were unable or unwilling to enact land reform or to provide for-
mer slaves with the economic resources needed to break poverty. This links to the Freedmen's Bureau Act because they passed this act to provide aid to the freed slaves and war refugees and help them escape poverty. However, this act did not work and this was one of the many failures of reconstruction.

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Racial bias was problem spread throughout the country. Northerners were more concerned about economics then solving the problems of slavery and with former slaves. This bias links to the Freedmen's Bureau Act because the act was an attempt to help aid the newly freed slaves. However, when the economic decline appeared they turned their attention from slave aid to economics. (Not spending money on the slaves.)

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As a result of reconstruction, former slaves could hold high government roles. They were allowed to take positions in government and participating in voting in elections. Former slaves were given these rights by congress through the 14th and 15th Amendments. Especially the 14th Amendment because it allowed for the rights of these former slaves to be protected under the government. Also this amendment empowered the entire black community to take action and run for government positions. This amendment eventually led to the black population to gain their full civil rights in the United States.

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Section 3: What worked well and what didn't?

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Section 3: What worked well and what didn't?

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- It was an election on who should be in charge of the Reconstruction
- Johnson along with Ulysses Grant went on tours to campaign
- Johnson offended many visitors with his vulgar language and behavior
-People jeered at Johnson and cheered on Grant
- Eventually Grant won the election by a wide margin

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The Fifteenth Amendment was passed in 1870, directly after the Civil War. It states and enforces that nobody can be stopped from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It gave black people lots of rights that they never had before in the United States. The amendment guaranteed these rights under the constitution and it allowed for these rights to be properly enforced and monitored in a government.

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The Enforcement Act of 1870 protected the voting rights of African Americans and gave the federal government power to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment. The act ultimatley empowered the presdient to enforce the Fifthteeth Amendment.

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The Freedmen's Bureau Act was passed by congress and its purpose was to provide aid to the newly freed African Americans. Its aim was to give assistance to freed slaves and war refugees. This aid consisted of medical aid and educational aid.

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The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1866 after President Johnson vetoed it. The act granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to African Americans living the United States. The Civil Rights Act promoted individuals to enforce and exercise their constitutional rights.

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- Provided a basis for the basis of the Civil Rights movement
- Made all people born or naturalized in the country a  citizen
- All were entitled to equal rights and were protected under any circumstances
- Congress adopted the 14th Amendment and sent it across the states.
- All but Tennesee rejected it, it wasn't only until 1866 was it ratified

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Which of these plans would most likely succeed

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Which of these plans would most likely succeed

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The Radical Republican plan would have succeeded. It would have flourished in the United States because the people fighting for the cause were very aggressive and demanding. The radical republicans would not consider others opinion and they would push really hard in the United States for the rights of former slaves. The radical republican congress plan gives rights to former slaves and the plan protected former slaves under the constitution. This goal we believe would create a lot of support and ultimately lead the United States into the future with equality being a priority. Also these radical republicans felt really bad for the suffrage that the former slaves endured and so these radicals would try their very best to make sure slavery and the oppression of African Americans never happens again. The one weakness in the radical republicans plan is that it is radical and unconventional, so it may not be enforced and passed by congress. We believe otherwise because the people behind this plan were very ambitious and demanding, so they would carry out their plan no matter what.

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-Right after President Lincoln's assassination, Johnson took over as president and was left with the reconstruction problem.
-Johnson wanted to deal harshly with confederate leaders
- Many southerners thought of him as a traitor, while radicals thought of him as a ally
-In May 1865, President Johnson announced his plan of reconstruction. His plan declared that the confederate states that were not apart of the Union could be readmitted only if they abide by several conditions under the United States national
-Each confederate state that re-joined the Union would have to
withdraw its secession, swear allegiance to the
Union, pay war debts, and ratify the
Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.
-Slaves were now free in Johnson's plan, however the plan failed to consider
the needs of former slaves in the categories of land, voting rights, and the protection under law.

Strengths
-With the remaining confederates states allowed to rejoin the Union, the United States can finally be Unified under one governing body
- Slavery would be completely abolished everywhere in America with this plan

Weaknesses
-Johnson pardoned many confederate generals and states, making the blacks mad and feeling betrayed. This lead to his plan being widely hated.
- Plan was too weak and lacked proper support
- Confederates took over new state legislatures that passed laws to abolish slavery.

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-President Lincoln made it clear that he favored a lenient Reconstruction policy
-  His plan was known as the 10% plan
- The government would pardon all Confederates—except high-ranking Confederate officials
and those accused of crimes against prisoners of war—who
would swear allegiance to the Union
- After ten percent of
those on the 1860 voting lists took this oath of allegiance,
a Confederate state could form a new state government and
gain representation in Congress

Strengths
-  Some Republicans thought Lincoln's plan was to mild, so they created their own and made it harder to enter the union
-  Lincoln's amnesty did not apply to Confederate leaders
-  His ten percent plan caused the creation of the radical republicans

Weaknesses
-  Only takes 10% of people to take oaths
-  South had to ban slavery before entering union
-  President offered amnesty making South whites become loyal to the union
- Wasn't very hard for the states to rejoin the union
- Lincoln wanted to encourage pro-union Southerners to run the state government

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Which of the plans is most similar to your plan?  Explain!  

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Which of the plans is most similar to your plan?  Explain!  

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Our plan gave every state a option to make their own smaller government, however they have to abide by the United States national government. Also our plan would heavily push for a unified nation, so our plan will give incentives to the Confederate states that rejoin the Union. These incentives will include money to help in rebuilding and national security. Lastly our plan will completely abolish slavery and it will create schools for these newly freed slaves. Knowing this, Johnson's Plan looks most similar to our plan because his plan wanted Confederate states to rejoin the Union and also his plan strongly supported the 13th amendment, that abolished slavery. Johnson's plan did not fullign support the rights of former slaves like our plan, but our plans are still very similar compared to the other plans. The main focuses in Johnson's plan make his plan the most similar and alike to our plan as a group. Johnson plan came with lots of hatred and controversy, however our plan is focused on trying to avoid this hatred and dismay.

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Section 1: Three Plans for Reconstruction

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Section 1: Three Plans for Reconstruction

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This plan was led by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania. The radical movement wanted to destroy the political power held by former slaveholders in the United States and they wanted the south to pay for the Civil War. They ultimately wanted African Americans to gain full citizenship and have all the rights that they deserve. The radical republicans had goals and ideas in their plan that was never exercised before and this is what overall weakened the plan. The radicals of the United States called Lincoln's pocket veto an outrage and asserted that congress had authority over the Reconstruction and not Lincoln did not. They disliked Lincoln's plan greatly and they also were very upset over Johnson's plan since it neglected the former slaves and their rights.

Strength: It put former slaves at top priority and it had a proper plan to incorporate these former slaves into the United States. The plan was radical and unconventional, but it was well developed and held true to the republicans values.

Weakness: The gains and progress of the plan would not be able to hold up with time and so the plan would fall apart after disagreement and neglect. Also the plan was to flimsy and would not have enough support to be enforced in the United States.

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Max Mannino, Alexander Cocoros, Luo Long, and Yasin Choukri

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Max Mannino, Alexander Cocoros, Luo Long, and Yasin Choukri