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The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Wikipedia

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The League of Nations, abbreviated as LN or LoN, was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Wikipedia

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The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note or Zimmerman Cable) was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico.

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a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

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Anxious at the prospect of being surrounded by potential enemies (as you know, Germany's sort of surrounded by France and Russia), Germany formed her own alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, known as the Triple alliance. They were also referred to as the Central Powers.

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The Balkans, also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in Southeast Europe with various definitions and meanings, including geopolitical and historical. Wikipedia

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the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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What was the Open Door policy? The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

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The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

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he invasion, occupation, division, and colonisation of African territory by European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914).

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a plant

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1. an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

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a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

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the amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.

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competing in something

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one's personal interest or advantage, especially when pursued without regard for others.

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

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a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.

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The Watt steam engine, alternatively known as the Boulton and Watt steam engine, was an early steam engine and was one of the driving forces of the industrial revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically from 1763 to 1775 with support from Matthew Boulton

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Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. The first factor of production is land, but this includes any natural resource used to produce goods and services.

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a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

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the study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis

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Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield.

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Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843

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Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, also known as ''The Father of Economics'' or ''The Father of Capitalism''.

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The Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

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The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

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Musa I, or Mansa Musa, was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror" or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire.

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the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

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Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.

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Tsetse, sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies, are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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a global conflict which ran from 1756 until 1763 and pitted a coalition of Great Britain and its allies against a coalition of France and its allies.

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Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century

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an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration.

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named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas

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signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire

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a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer.

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

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The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento, in northern Italy), was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

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(as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

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a movement within Western Christianity in the 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular.

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the action or fact of indulging.

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n Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period.

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an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

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A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

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An arrow used to kill people.

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a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

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the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war.

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a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

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consisted of the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century.

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a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

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a system of land cultivation under which the common land is divided into three parts of which one or two in rotation lie fallow in each year and the rest are cultivated.

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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an educational institution designed for instruction, examination, or both, of students in many branches of advanced learning, conferring degrees in various faculties, and often embodying colleges and similar institutions.

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The Renaissance was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

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he name given to a long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula

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was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Urban II was a native of France. He was a descendant of a noble family in Châtillon-sur-Marne. Reims was the nearby cathedral school that Urban, at that time Eudes, began his studies at 1050

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

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the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

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In Search Of History - The Borgias (History Channel Documentary)

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was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire

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a tactical doctrine of using short surprise attacks, withdrawing before the enemy can respond in force, and constantly maneuvering to avoid full engagement with the enemy.

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims

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Capital city of Roman Empire

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the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.

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is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor

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he Silk Road was a network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century

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were the main military/administrative divisions of the middle Byzantine Empire

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was the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches, which had lasted until the 11th century.

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one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis

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a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries

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a combustible compound emitted by a flame-throwing weapon and used to set light to enemy ships. It was first used by the Greeks besieged in Constantinople (673–78). It ignited on contact with water, and was probably based on naphtha and quicklime.

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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome

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group of close-knit and interrelated families

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a form of animal husbandry, historically by nomadic people who moved with their herds. The species involved include various herding livestock, including cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeer, horses and sheep

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a native or inhabitant of Mongolia; a Mongolian.

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

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the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document usually on the medium of paper

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an explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. The earliest known propellant explosive, gunpowder has now largely been superseded by high explosives, although it is still used for quarry blasting and in fuses and fireworks

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a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong

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A struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam

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a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the hadith

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The Islamic Bible

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The arab founder of Islam

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the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church