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How did migration to the United States and the doctrine of Manifest Destiny change popular ideas of American identity and citizenship, affect territorial expansionism, cause conflict, and impact regional and racial identities?

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Besides the Indian Removal Act, the Louisiana Purchase was one of the most important actions that defined our manifest Destiny. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of America, but it created conflict with the local Indians. Despite this, floods of settlers began moving West in Search of new lands.

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The Indian Removal Act was one of the first national laws that aided our westward expansion. This law made the settlement of much sought after land available, and the migration of many from the East Coast. Additionally, settlers often went beyond the boundaries defined by the act, leading to subsequent annexations and westward spread.

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Similar to Chinese Immigration, the Irish came to the East Coast, working predominantly in factories and the transcontinental railroad. The flood of immigrants caused Americans to loose their jobs due to the fact that Irishmen worked for very low wages. Subsequently, anti-Irish sentiment took hold, causing great conflict.

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The Annexation of Texas was an important factor in determining our idea of Manifest Destiny. This act defined our trans-continental spread, and the desire of the Government to control both coasts. Also, this annexation indirectly lead to the control of California Territory.

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1.5 - The California Gold Rush: 1848-1855

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1.5 - The California Gold Rush: 1848-1855

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The California Gold Rush spurred on a new era of Westward Expansion. Many families from the East moved to the West so that they might find their fortunes. Even long after the Gold Rush ended, the families chose to stay, creating the region and community of California.

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Chinese Immigration began in the early 19th Century, with the Immigrants flooding into the West Coast. In the 1870s, Anti-Chinese movements took shape, and the immigrants were excluded from society. Conflict between the Americans and Chinese persisted for some time, greatly affecting the national identity of Californian Americans.

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Sectionalism was the main factor that contributed to conflict before the Civil War. This idea had began to grow in the 1800s, and persisted long after the Civil War, but with less effect. Sectionalism was based on the slavery laws of each state, or the geographical location of a state in relation to others. As the argument over slavery continued to grow, this sectionalism would likely determine who the State would support in the Civil War (the Union or the Confederacy).

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1.7 - The Extension of Slavery into New Territories

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1.7 - The Extension of Slavery into New Territories

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This issue was heavily debated in the 1850s. While compromises were sometimes found (such as the Missouri compromise), it generally caused much strife. Additionally, this issue helped to define sectionalism, which was based on the slavery laws of each state.Conflicts such as Bleeding Kansas lead directly to the Civil War, and would define our nation for generations to come.

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Why did attempts at compromise before the war fail to prevent the conflict?

Attempts at compromise failed because of the hatred or love of slavery that each state held, or the sectionalism that had taken hold in the minds of the American people.

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How did the maturing of northern manufacturing and the adherence of the South to an agricultural economy change the national economic system and impact the Civil War? How was the American conflict over slavery part of larger global events?

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2.4 - Other Nation's Opinions of Slavery

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2.4 - Other Nation's Opinions of Slavery

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The opinion of foreign nations (especially Great Britain) regarding slavery played a crucial part in the Civil War. Even though Great Britain relied heavily on the South as a source of cotton, they chose not to aid them in the Civil War, declaring neutrality in 1861, due to the South's institution of slavery, greatly affecting the outcome of the war in the process.

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Unlike the South, the North was almost entirely independent. In the absence of cotton, they produced other goods such as wheat (wheat production in the West had started as early as 1788). The industrial network did suffer a temporary slowdown at the beginning of the Civil War, but it was soon resolved. This was important to the war because the Union soldiers were properly equipped with modern weaponry.

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The South's agrarian society had a heavy impact on the outcome of the Civil War because the South had almost no way of distributing or processing the cotton that they produced, thereby bringing the economy to a standstill (this lasted from approximately 1861-1866). This standstill made it impossible for the Confederacy to properly supply its troops and citizens, ultimately leading to their downfall.

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The South made 75% of Great Britain's cotton in the 1850s, making the sudden shortage from the Civil War a crucial affair. The stoppage of slavery caused an additional shortage of cotton for some time afterwards.

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The urban sectors of the North greatly contrasted the sparse towns of the South. These sectors provided the North with a continual source of labor. The dense population aided the economy greatly in the 1860s, while the economy of the South quickly crumbled.

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How did the Civil War struggle shape Americans' beliefs about equality, democracy, and national destiny? To what extent, and in what ways, did the Civil War transform American political and social relationships?

The Civil War taught some that equality is an important good that must sought at any cost, while others thought nothing of it, seeing themselves as cheated out of an honest good. The war showed us that our destiny was to make America the land of free and equal citizens.

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How did the growth of mass migration to the United States, the end of slavery and technological, including the railroad, and military developments transform the environment and settlement patterns in the South and the West?

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Along with the Second Industrial Revolution, the proper development of roads and their improvement began around 1866. Primarily using convict labor, States began to focus on their roadways more and more.

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After the Civil War, the Union military had great experienced widespread conflict and the pursuit of a single goal. These factors made the military more proficient and able to protect citizens from the dangers of the West (most commonly Native American Tribes). This lead to greatly increased settlement of the interior in the 1860-70s, and for the previously established settlements to flourish.

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Emancipation was one of the most important actions of the Civil War. At first it freed only some slaves, but later freed every slave. After the war, the free blacks formed closely knit communities. These communities often stayed near plantations so that they could find work, but others moved far away from the South in search of a new life.

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After the Civil War, railroads began spreading father and father westward. The most famous of these railroads was the Transcontinental railroad, which was completed in 1869. These railroads greatly increased settlement in the interior and increased migration to the West Coast.

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The previously discussed factors (increased immigration, the emancipation of slaves, and the use of railroads), along with the abundance of natural resources from the interior all contributed to an economic boom that started in 1870 and ended in 1914. This marked the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution that changed the history of our nation.

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The Industries that were formed primarily off of Immigrants greatly increased immigration and their settling patterns in the 1870s. These industries were the railroads (which were built primarily by Chinese and Irish immigrants), and general factory work (which was done primarily by Irish immigrants). These industries formed tight knit Irish and Chinese communities that settled where the work could be found.

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A new kind of Industrial steel began development in the 1880s, resulting in skyscrapers. These changed settlement patterns greatly because they allowed for extremely condensed population in a small area.

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The effects of the Industrial Revolution on the environment began to take a great impact after the Civil War. Natural resources began to lessen on heavily settled areas, so naturally they began to seek for those same resources in the American Interior. While carbon emissions from factories were largely not an issue in the 1870s, they would began taking an impact not long after.

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To what extent, and in what ways, did Reconstruction alter relationships between the states and the federal government, and lead to debates over new definitions of citizenship for minority groups (i.e. African Americans and women)?

Reconstruction greatly increased the separation of the federal government and the states because the government imposed an explicit view on citizenship (among other matters) while the States had differing beliefs that caused much conflict. The rights of minorities had not been considered when making the Emancipation Proclamation. As such, many states believed differently about the matter. Some thought minorities should be equal to men, others thought they were far inferior to males.

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All Images sourced through the Padlet Google Search
https://www.nps.gov/articles/industry-and-economy-during-the-civil-war.htm
http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/291/cotton-and-the-civilwar
http://ushistoryscene.com/article/second-industrial-revolution/#:~:targetText=Major%20Technological%20Advances%20of%20the%20Second%20Industrial%20Revolution%3A&targetText=1870s%20%E2%80%93%20Automatic%20signals%2C%20air%20brakes,%2C%20electric%20light%2C%20and%20typewriter.

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Overall EXCELLENT work with your historical applications!
Part 1: 75/75
Part 2: 75/75
Part 3: 75/75
Overall/Citations: 25/25