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The extension of the power and influence of a nation or state over other nations, territories, or groups of people.  Such control usually involves modification of the governmental structure of the controlled state or territory and its alignment more or less with the political organization of the dominant imperialist power.[1]

[1]  E.C. Helmreich, “Imperialism”, Vol. 12, Colliers Encyclopedia CD-ROM (P.F. Collier, 1996)

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“known as Marxism,… argued that revolutionary peoples can change inequitable political, social, and economic patterns inherited from the past. Working people, having common interests, needed to cooperate across borders.

Historical change resulted from struggle between antagonistic social classes.  All social and economic systems contain contradictions dooming them to conflict, which generates a higher stage of development.… Eventually,…,this process would replace capitalism with socialism, where all would share in owning the means of production and the state would serve common people rather than privileged classes; and then communism, where the state would wither away and all would share the wealth, free to realize their human potential without exploitation by capitalists or governments.“[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 465.

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An economic system in which capital is voluntarily given up in order to end poverty and unemployment.  Led to the development of self-sufficient communities where people worked together and there was minimal personal possessions.

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Economic and social system in which the people vote for socialism, appoint leaders to carry it out, and standardize laws for workers.

Combines terms for both socialism and democracy

Legalized trade unions

Limits some of the government power

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“…socialism offered a vision of social equality and the common, or public, ownership of economic institutions such as factories.  Socialism grew out of the painful social disruption accompanying the Industrial Revolution.  Utopian socialists in Britain, France, and North America, many influenced by Christian ideals, offered visions of cooperative societies that promoted the common good.  A few even founded communal villages that were based on community service and that renounced personal wealth.” [1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 465.

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“…ideology [that] offered a vision of democracy and individual freedom.…liberalism preached the emancipation of the individuals from all governmental, economic, or religious restraints.  Liberals, mainly of middle-class background, favored representative government, the right to vote, and basic civil liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press.“[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 464.

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“… a primary loyalty to, and identity with, a nation bound by common culture, government, and shared territory…Nationalists insisted that support for country transcended loyalty to family, village, church, region, social class, monarch, or ethnic group.  Many peoples increasingly felt citizenship in a nation, such as France or Italy, that shared a common identity separate from, and they felt often better than, other nations.”[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 462.

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“a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and preferring gradual development to abrupt change”[1]

[1] "Conservatism." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017.

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“a theory of the origin and perpetuation of new species of animals and plants that offspring of a given organism vary, that natural selection favors the survival of some of these variations over others, that new species have arisen and may continue to arise by these processes, and that widely divergent groups of plants and animals have arisen from the same ancestor”[1]

“…a struggle for existence among species…[this] struggle as survival of the fittest“[2]

[1] "Darwinism." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2017.[2] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 469.

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“British-style capitalism.…the policy of laissez faire, which opposed government interference in the marketplace through laws regulating business and profits.…the marketplace’s “invisible hand” would turn the entrepreneur’s individual greed into a rising standard of living for all [and] permanently growing economy…free trade philosophy… “[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 460.

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“The economic system in which most capital was invested in commercial enterprises such as trading companies, including the world’s first joint-stock companies.”[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Global Connections and the Remaking of Europe, 1450-1750." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 351.

# data[].attributes.body
“British-style capitalism.…the policy of laissez faire, which opposed government interference in the marketplace through laws regulating business and profits.…the marketplace’s “invisible hand” would turn the entrepreneur’s individual greed into a rising standard of living for all [and] permanently growing economy…free trade philosophy… “[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Modern Transitions:  Revolutions, Industries, Ideologies, Empires, 1750-1914." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 460.

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“the practice of building a nation’s wealthy by expanding its reserves of precious metals such as gold and silver bullion.  …trade was dominated by semi-military, government-backed companies that were protected from competition.”[1]

[1] Lockard, Craig A. " Global Connections and the Remaking of Europe, 1450-1750." Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015, p 351.