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While men went off to fight in the war, many women picked up on their jobs; R.R. workers, construction, chiefs, mining, dockworkers, and some even volunteered for the Red Cross.
(“World War I.” WashougalK12, 2020, www.washougal.k12.wa.us/teacher/scott.boothby/TextbookMODULE16.pdf.)

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Index of Miami County, Council of National Defense, Women's Committee Cards updated link

War Work for Women

Index of Miami County, Council of National Defense, Women's Committee Cards

The Formation of The American Red Cross in Miami County with biographies of the original leaders

Report of the Woman's Section of the Indiana State Council of Defense downloadable pdf with chapter on Miami County

In Miami County, Indiana the same women served on committees for the local American Red Cross and the local Women's Council of Defense and the report at the end of WWI muddles and confuses which was which. In fact, during WWI the work of the Red Cross and the Women's Council of Defense was so intertwined that some references interchange them as though they were one and the same. It also varies from report to report which group was in charge of the other. Women were also very busy with projects to support the troops through the YMCA and the various church's women's circles. But clearly all groups cooperated to achieve the same goals, and at least at the local level rolled up their sleeves and worked together. The following lists and the articles to which they are linked are, although as complete as can be determined at this time, merely a partial listing of the women who made important and lasting contributions during the time frame of WWI.

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Index of Miami County, Council of National Defense, Women's Committee Cards updated link War Work for Women Index of Miami County, Council of National Defense, Women's Committee Cards The Formation of The American Red Cross in Miami County with biographies of the original leaders Report of the Woman's Section of the Indiana State Council of Defense downloadable pdf with chapter on Miami County In Miami County, Indiana the same women served on committees for the local American Red Cross and the local Women's Council of Defense and the report at the end of WWI muddles and confuses which was which.

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The “Uncle Sam Recruiter” was supposed to create a feeling of patriotism and a, more or less, virtuous responsibility to fight for your country by the way he gives off his stirn glance and harsh point; almost feeling like he is directing you to join, but in a good way.
(“World War I.” WashougalK12, 2020, www.washougal.k12.wa.us/teacher/scott.boothby/TextbookMODULE16.pdf.)

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African Americans played the role as support troops in the war and there were 350,000 of them. 171 of them were awarded the French Region of Honor.

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African American Odyssey Introduction |Overview |Object List | Search Part 1: Fighting at Home and Abroad
Part 2

World War I galvanized the black community in their effort to make America truly democratic by ensuring full citizenship for all its people. Black soldiers, who continued to serve in segregated units, were involved in protest against racial injustice o n the home front and abroad.

Blacks and whites in the newly-formed NAACP and other organizations led the onslaught against discrimination and segregation in the United States. Numerous NAACP files labeled "Soldier Troubles" document the efforts made to prevent mistreatment of African Americans in the military. The NAACP also pursued voting rights and worked to dismantle various forms of segregation through the courts. Painstakingly, one case at a time, one law at a time, they confronted the racial inequities in the legal system. The Library's extensive civil rights collections document the efforts during this period on the part of blacks and whites to erase the legacy of slavery.

African American artists, actors, and writers led the battle against intellectual and artistic bias. Between the wars, and even during the deprivations of the Great Depression, there was a great crescendo of African American artistic expression in the period known as the "Harlem Renaissance." Paintings, drawings, classical music, jazz, blues, poetry, novels, plays, and dance abounded during this era and won world acclaim. But artistic and intellectual achievement did not win for blacks political, economic, and educational parity with whites. Racism remained a powerful force in American life.

Emmett J. Scott worked for eighteen years as the private secretary to Booker T. Washington. He became a Special Assistant to Secretary of War Newton Baker during World War I in order to oversee the recruitment, training, and morale of the African American soldiers.

Emmett J. Scott.

Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War, 1919.
New York: Arno Press, 1969.
Humanities and Social Sciences Division. (7-2)

This "profusely illustrated" 512-page volume gives a "complete and authentic narration . . . of the participation of American soldiers of the Negro race in the World War for democracy," and a "full account of the war work organizations of colored men and women." It also documents other civilian activities including the work of the Red Cross, the Young Men and Young Women's Christian Association, and the War Camp Community Service. Carter G. Woodson and Alice Dunbar Nelson collaborated with Scott in the preparation of this volume.

"803rd Pioneer Infantry Band, No. 16"

803rd Pioneer Infantry to Battalion on the U.S.S. Philippines (troop ship) from Brest, France, July 18, 1919.
Photograph.
Gladstone Collection, Prints and Photographs Division.
Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-6163 (7-5)

During World War I many black troops were eager to fight but most provided support services. Only a small percentage were actually involved in combat. Yet, the African American presence in France--helping in any capacity--often elicited overwhelming gratitude from the French. Both the French and the American troops enjoyed listening to African American bands who sometimes introduced blues and jazz rhythms previously unknown to their listeners. This is a 1919 photograph of the 803rd Pioneer Infantry Band on board the U.S.S. Philippines in Brest Harbor, France.

African American regiments in World War I were usually accompanied by bands. The most famous was the band of the 369th Infantry, led by James Reese Europe, a prominent musician whose syncopated style animated the dancing of Vernon and Irene Castle, creating a craze for social dancing. These army bands became immensely popular in France, both among American troops and the French public, introducing many Europeans to jazz and ragtime rhythm and African American performance styles. Vaudeville star Noble Sissle, who belonged to Europe's band in war and peace, prepared this biography of Europe, who was murdered soon after the war by a crazed band member. The Memoirs include much information about the racial climate in the U.S. and France.

Noble Lee Sissle.

Memoirs of "Jim" Europe.
Carbon copy of typescript
ca. 1942.
Manuscript Division. (7-17)

Charles Gustrine.

"True Sons of Freedom."
Color-offset poster.
Chicago, 1918.
Prints and Photographs Division.
Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-2426 (7-1)

More than 350,000 African Americans served in segregated units during World War I, mostly as support troops. Several units saw action alongside French soldiers fighting against the Germans, and 171 African Americans were awarded the French Legion of Honor. In response to protests of discrimination and mistreatment from the black community, several hundred African American men received officers' training in Des Moines, Iowa. By October 1917, over six hundred African Americans were commissioned as captains and first and second lieutenants.

One of the many methods used to keep African Americans from voting was the grandfather clause, which held that a man could only vote if his grandfather had voted. Poll taxes, literacy tests, voting fraud, violence, and intimidation also proved effective means of barring African Americans from the ballot box.

The NAACP successfully fought against grandfather clauses in court. In 1915, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Guinn v. United States that the grandfather clauses in the Maryland and Oklahoma constitutions were null and void, because they violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Guinn v. United States.
Board minutes, June 3, 1913.
Document. Typescript.
NAACP Collection, Manuscript Division. (7-19) Courtesy of the NAACP

In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1916 [No. 231]. Charles H. Buchanan v. William Warley.
Pamphlet.
NAACP Collection, Manuscript Division. (7-20)
Courtesy of the NAACP

In order to keep people of color out of their neighborhoods, cities called for racial restrictive covenants that segregated housing. The NAACP attacked this practice in the courts in the case of Charles Buchanan v. William Warley. In the 1916 decision, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional an ordinance mandating that African Americans live in certain sections of Louisville, Kentucky. As a result of this case, whites resorted to private restrictive covenants, in which individual residents agreed to sell or rent only to whites, and de facto housing segregation continued.

In this report Mary Church Terrell recounts her role as founding president of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, a confederation of black women's service clubs dedicated to instilling racial pride. Founded in 1895, the group was intent upon improving social and moral conditions in the African American community. The organization founded settlement houses for migrant women, orphanages, day nurseries, kindergartens, evening schools for adults, clinics, and homes for the aged. The group advocated the abolition of sexism and racism, actively supported voting rights for all including women, and promoted the anti-lynching crusade.

Mary Church Terrell.

What the National Association [of Colored Women] Has Meant to Colored Women.
Transcript, undated.
Mary Church Terrell Papers, Manuscript Division. (7-6)

World War I and Postwar Society: Part 1 | Part 2
African American Odyssey Introduction |Overview |Object List | Search

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African American Odyssey Introduction |Overview |Object List | Search Part 1: Fighting at Home and Abroad Part 2 World War I galvanized the black community in their effort to make America truly democratic by ensuring full citizenship for all its people.

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An approximated 200,000 men volunteered to serve for the U.S. during WW1; because of this low amount, the Selective Service Act was put in place to draft men to serve.
(“World War I.” WashougalK12, 2020, www.washougal.k12.wa.us/teacher/scott.boothby/TextbookMODULE16.pdf. )

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Description

The regular army in 1917, coupled with National Guardsmen, was comprised of about 500,000 men. The President of the United States was authorized to temporarily increase that number through selective service, known as 'the draft'.

Men between the ages of 21 and 30 were to required register with their state. On June 1st, Governor Milliken of Maine (1877-1961) issued a proclamation: "this call to registration will come to the young men of Maine not only as the summons of law but also an opportunity to perform with spontaneous enthusiasm a patriotic duty...Maine has always been staunch in her patriotism. No flag of a Maine regiment has ever been surrendered to an enemy. On this most momentous day... I confidently summon...a triumphant demonstration that shall be worthy of our glorious tradition."

During the first draft registration, nearly 60,000 Maine men registered. Draft boards were established, and from which came outlined exemptions, such as family obligations, religious objection, and employment in agriculture or industry. Men were divided into classes based on eligibility and numbers were drawn at random for service.

As the war continued, draft laws were amended. The registration age was expanded to between 18 and 45. By the law's third installment, 91,943 Maine men had registered.

Governor Milliken donated this particular selective service poster to the Maine Historical Society in 1918.

Transcription

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About This Item

Title: Selective Service Draft Law registration poster, 1917

Creator: State of Maine

Creation Date: 1917

Subject Date: 1917

State: ME

Dimensions: 25 cm x 19 cm

Local Code: Coll. 463

Collection: WPA broadsides relating to Maine, Massachusetts, and World War I : World War I posters

Object Type: Text and Image

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Maine Historical Society
485 Congress Street, Portland, ME 04101
(207) 774-1822 x230
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Selective Service Draft Law registration poster, 1917

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The regular army in 1917, coupled with National Guardsmen, was comprised of about 500,000 men. The President of the United States was authorized to temporarily increase that number through selective service, known as â€˜the draftâ€™. Men between the ages of 21 and 30 were to required register with their state.

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The Selective Service Act was placed in 1917. It was an obligation that every man registered themselves into a draft for the military. Around 3 million men were called up to serve.

(“World War I.” WashougalK12, 2020, www.washougal.k12.wa.us/teacher/scott.boothby/TextbookMODULE16.pdf.)

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Nov 8, 2013 - Examples of vintage American World War 1 propaganda posters. Pictures of American WW1 art used for liberty war bonds, recruitment of soldiers, weapons, & the Red Cross.

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This one is the same link as the Australia and Germany one.

This shows a field marshal demanding people to join the army to support their country.

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The AEF, otherwise known as the American Expeditionary Force, was a hodge-podge of American troops who went overseas. The AEF was led by John J. Pershing. Members of the AEF were nicknamed doughboys.

(“World War I.” WashougalK12, 2020, www.washougal.k12.wa.us/teacher/scott.boothby/TextbookMODULE16.pdf. )

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American Expeditionary Forces: Food Preparation
This group of photographs details some of the work put in for food preparation for the American Expeditionary Forces while serving in France during World War I.

Image: LC-Lot-8226-6: "Canned Bill" Members of Co. 6th Infantry, 5th Division cutting up canned corn beef. U.S. Army Photograph, now in the collections of the National Archives.

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American Expeditionary Forces: Food Preparation This group of photographs details some of the work put in for food preparation for the American Expeditionary Forces while serving in France during World War I. Image: LC-Lot-8226-6: "Canned Bill" Members of Co. 6th Infantry, 5th Division cutting up canned corn beef. U.S.

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The picture below shows that Australia was taken over by Germany,

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[Richard Slocombe, Senior Curator of Art, IWM] Propaganda was very much in its formative stages of development; it was the concept of government's appealing to a mass audience. It was a completely new phenomenon. Certainly, at the beginning of the war, there was a - it was a bit amateurish, a bit piecemeal. And it was particularly say, in the early recruitment campaigns and things like that it, it wasn't entirely successful - it did rely on the inherent patriotism of the British public.

What they did in the end was get people who knew what they were talking about, and these were people like newspaper proprietors like Lord Northcliffe and Lord Beaverbrook. Who their papers like the Daily Mail, such like The Daily Express, were used to communicating with a mass audience basically. So, whereas the British propaganda effort, it's begun the war whereby employing civil servants, politicians. They eventually, the penny dropped, and they began to employ the people, the professionals shall we say - people who knew what they were talking about.

Amongst countries like Canada, Australia and New Zealand and other countries in Empire. There was a real sort of belief in the empire, in Britain as a nation, as a society, a kind of figurehead. And they were, you know, they were motivated out of a sense of loyalty. The war was also being presented as a conflict to fight for basic freedoms and the threat of militarism and despotism that was, that was Germany basically. So, there was a sense, that there was a certain belief, ideals, hard-won freedoms that were at stake. Not just in Europe but across the world, this has felt that there was a real threat to internationally -to freedom and democracy and things like that. So, they joined up because of that - so there was, you know, there was a sense of loyalty to the crown and to the Empire. But also, there was this feeling that there were certain, you know, freedoms that were at stake.

Conscription was introduced at the end of 1915, the beginning of 1916. Basically, because the war had continued for much longer than anyone had anticipated. A lot of people had thought that this was going to be quite a short war. What was predicted by some of the leaders in Britain; chiefly Lord Kitchener who was it was charge of raising that a mass army; was that we needed to have a big army, a big standing army like France and like Germany. In order to contribute and to prevail in this war basically.

Britain was always considered as itself as essentially a naval power and for that reason it always kept a small, highly professional regular Army which was used - mainly to settle colonial disputes and things like that. So, it wasn't anything like the size it needed to be, in order to engage a major power like Germany. So, they initially - there was a call for voluntary enlistment, which was enthusiastically taken up by the British male population. But as the war wore on and horrendous sort of losses, that were being endured by Britain and the other countries, that flow of volunteers began to tail off basically. And conscription was introduced basically to maintain Britain's mass army. Basically, so it could effectively wage war against Germany and the central powers.

This poster just announces the military service act in 1916 which introduced conscription. I mean there's no visual appeal about this poster; there's no exciting images, there's no appeals to masculinity, there's no appeal to avenge sinking liners. There's no appeals to avenge atrocities as committed by the Germans in Belgium. It's telling you about a new bit of legislation, a new law which says - everyone within a certain age bracket, will now be compelled to join the British war effort i.e., the Army. And it just basically sets out the facts of this legislation and when it comes into force: so, I've got Thursday March the 2nd 1916.

In Australia and places like Canada and things - they were very reluctant to introduce conscription. They didn't like the idea that they were compelled to fight. So, the countries that did introduce, that like Canada, that did introduce it very late on in the war - and some never did at all - but it seemed to go against, you know, a notion of freedom of choice. And so you know it was a very unpopular, and remained unpopular, right throughout the war. And particularly during elections and at the end of the war and things - the ending of conscription was considered a vote winner. Basically, that it was so unpopular it was considered as something that would win votes and would be popular amongst the population.

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Use these sources to discover more about First World War Recruitment Posters. For ideas to help you use these sources, take a look at our Suggested Activities.

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The Spanish influenza impacted Americans to build a military by interfering with their training schedules and those who were sick could not be in the military.

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Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been temporarily blocked due to a possible misuse/abuse situation involving your site. This is not an indication of a security issue such as a virus or attack. It could be something as simple as a run away script or learning how to better use E-utilities, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25497/, for more efficient work such that your work does not impact the ability of other researchers to also use our site. To restore access and understand how to better interact with our site to avoid this in the future, please have your system administrator contact info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Your access to the NCBI website at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov has been temporarily blocked due to a possible misuse/abuse situation involving your site. This is not an indication of a security issue such as a virus or attack.

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They were called the “doughboys” because when it rained it turned the clay on their uniforms to a doughy type material all over them.

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It's unknown exactly how U.S. service members in World War I (1914-18) came to be dubbed doughboys-the term most typically was used to refer to troops deployed to Europe as part of the American Expeditionary Forces-but there are a variety of theories about the origins of the nickname.

According to one explanation, the term dates back to the Mexican War of 1846-48, when American infantrymen made long treks over dusty terrain, giving them the appearance of being covered in flour, or dough. As a variation of this account goes, the men were coated in the dust of adobe soil and as a result were called "adobes," which morphed into "dobies" and, eventually, "doughboys."

Among other theories, according to "War Slang" by Paul Dickson the American journalist and lexicographer H.L. Mencken claimed the nickname could be traced to Continental Army soldiers who kept the piping on their uniforms white through the application of clay. When the troops got rained on the clay on their uniforms turned into "doughy blobs," supposedly leading to the doughboy moniker.

However doughboy came into being, it was just one of the nicknames given to those who fought in the Great War. For example, "poilu" ("hairy one") was a term for a French soldier, as a number of them had beards or mustaches, while a popular slang term for a British soldier was "Tommy," an abbreviation of Tommy Atkins, a generic name (along the lines of John Doe) used on government forms.

America's last World War I doughboy, Frank Buckles, died in 2011 in West Virginia at age 110. Buckles enlisted in the Army at age 16 in August 1917, four months after the U.S. entered the conflict, and drove military vehicles in France. One of 4.7 million Americans who served in the war, Buckles was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Today imagery of the doughboy persists in more than 100 World War I commemorative statues across the United States. Most of the statues were erected in the 1920s and often through the fundraising efforts of grassroots veteran's and women's groups. Even small communities were able to pay for the statues since versions of the doughboy statue were mass produced and, therefore, more affordable.

Carptrash/CC BY-SA 3.0

Jennifer Wingate, associate professor of American Studies at St. Francis College and author of Sculpting Doughboys: Memory, Gender, and Taste in America's World War I Memorials, points out that communities were eager to hold up the doughboy as a heroic figure as the nation was anxious during this period over new outbreaks of Spanish influenza and over the rehabilitation of returning veterans. The early 1920s also marked the first Red Scare when, in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Americans were on high alert over Communist revolutionaries.

"These images of very fit, fighting doughboys shored up America's confidence during a vulnerable time," says Wingate. "To show evidence of these strong, healthy, strapping men in a vigilant pose or going over the top worked to dispel fears about the economic and physical health of soldiers returning from war."

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Why Were American Soldiers in WWI Called Doughboys?

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It's unknown exactly how U.S. service members in World War I (1914-18) came to be dubbed doughboys-the term most typically was used to refer to troops deployed to Europe as part of the American Expeditionary Forces-but there are a variety of theories about the origins of the nickname.