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Thompsons' Plum Pudding model of the atom consists of electrons surrounded by a positively charged gel-like substance.

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A continuous spectrum and line spectrum of hydrogen

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James Chadwicks discovery of the neutron, while proving Rutherfords atomic theory, revolutionized the understanding of the atomic structure

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Schematic of experiment with alpha particles and gold foil.

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Daltons model of the atom was based on differences in mass and the definite composition of compounds.

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Electrons exist only in electron energy levels called principle energy levels. Bohr suggested that electrons normally orbit the nucleus in the lowest allowed energy level.

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Rutherford discovered the positively charged nucleus and concluded that the atom is mostly empty space.

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Not all of Daltons experiments for his atomic theory are known but there is one he conducted during his meteorology studies. Dalton wondered how air and water could exist in the same space at the same time. He inferred that, if water and air were composed of different particles, then evaporation might be seen as a mixing of air and water particles. Dalton developed a hypothesis that the sizes of the particles making up different gases must be different.

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The use of Cathode ray tubes opened the way for the study of subatomic particles.