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Mesolithic Site at Mount Sandel, Derry. The Mesolithic people were hunter gatherers and are believed to have arrived in canoes, made from hollow logs

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Neolithic site; Newgrange Passage Tomb, Co Louth. This is an example of a Megalithic tomb, meaning great stone. The Neolithic people were the first farmers.

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The Celts: They arrive in Ireland from central Europe. This is also called The Iron Age. They used a form of writing called Ogham. They used iron tools and weapons.

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The Roman Empire: Began in 753 BC stretches across Europe. It will last until 476 AD, when it eventually falls and the Dark Ages begin in Europe.

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The coming of Christianity to Ireland: The first missionary to arrive in Ireland was Palladius. The Celtic Pagan religion was abolished. Monasteries and Nunneries were established. St Patrick's and Christianity became significant in Irish identity. They influenced many later developments in Irish History, such as The Plantations.

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The Middle Ages: It was called the middle ages because it was a period that occurred after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire and the New World. This period introduced a new system of land ownership called feudalism. A plague also ravaged Europe at this time called the Black Death (a plague caused by fleas on Black rats).

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Beginning of the Renaissance in Europe: It brought new ideas in a period known as the Enlightenment. This period brought Painting, e.g. Fresco paintings; Sculpture, e.g. lifelike people; Architecture, e.g. Gothic style; Science, e.g. Copernicus's theory on the sun being the centre of the universe.

They also expanded medical knowledge by challenging Galen's ideas; however, it did not offer any new treatments.

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Conquest and Colonisation in the Age of Exploration: Portugal and Spain led the way in the explorations. The explorations saw Asia, Africa, and the Americas explored, and Spanish Conquistadors conquered large empires in Central and South America. Spain and Portugal got very wealthy from trade. Enslaved people were brought from Africa to replace shortages of native slaves.

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Columbus Day: Christopher Columbus Sets Sail | History

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The reformation in Europe: 95 Theses Nailed to Church Door and Mailed to Archbishop of Mainz: Luther sent the Theses enclosed with a letter to Albert of Brandenburg, the Archbishop of Mainz. This date is considered the start of the Protestant Reformation. This period saw drastic changes to Catholicism and introduced a new religion.

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The Plantation's: Hoped to create a loyal Protestant population in Ireland. Created groups of different identities in Ireland, which led to conflict, with the most recent occurring in the late 1900s known as the troubles.

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The American Revolution: It was caused by the navigation acts, which led to events such as the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea party. The battles of Lexington and Concord sparked the War of Independence. Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th 1776. The treaty of Paris brought an end to the war eight years after it had begun.

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1798 Fenian Rebellion: Introduced new political ideologies to Ireland, e.g. Nationalism and Unionism. The American revolution inspired the rebellion. The rising started by attacking mail coaches and insurgency in Wexford. Wolfe Tone was captured and imprisoned in which he killed himself.

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The Great Famine: It was caused by the rising population, subdivision of the land, dependence on potatoes and blight. During the Famine, workhouses were full, disease spread, and there was an increase in evictions and an increase in emigration. The policy of laissez-faire was introduced and worsened conditions. One million people emigrated across the world on 'coffin' ships.

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The Parliamentary tradition in Irish Politics: Daniel O'Connell and Charles Stuart Parnell argued for more rights for Catholics in Ireland, leading to the revival of the physical force movement.
Daniel O'Connell: Won Catholic emancipation, opposed physical force and Organised the Repeal Association to establish a parliament in Ireland.
Charles Stuart Parnell: Was a Protestant leader and landlord, President of the Land League and his affair led to the split in the Home Rule Party.

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The Rise and Impact of Nationalism and Unionism in Ireland: The main political groups in Ireland were the Nationalists and Unionists. Nationalists were divided into the Home Rule Party, the IRB and Sinn Fein. The Home Rule crisis of 1912-1914 saw Unionists oppose the third Home Rule Bill. UVF and IVF were formed during this time. 1916 Rising and the independence struggle say many people on both sides of the war (Ireland and Britain) die. The Foundation of Northern Ireland in 1920 led to serious sectarian conflict. In 1921 the Anglo-Irish treaty was signed, which led to the Civil war; the free state won this.

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Life in soviet Russia: Communist Party took over Russia. Stalin came to power after Lenin died. He maintained a dictatorship by using propaganda and controlling the press and radio. At this time, three key events/policies were the Show Trials, the Fiver Year Plans and Collectivisation.

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Life in Nazi Germany: Hitler established Fascist dictatorship. Enabling act allowed Hitler to establish police state. The Nazis persecuted the Jews. Propaganda was very important for Nazi Germany to control peoples minds.

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0:00 / 13:45•Watch full video

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World War II and the Holocaust: Introduced the tactic of Blitzkrieg. Russia was invaded under operation Barbossa, and the Americans got involved after an attack by the Japanese at Pearl Harbour. The war ultimately ended after the Japanese surrendered. This was due to the Americans using atomic bombs. Extermination camps were used during the war to conduct a mass Genocide of Jews. Most of the killings were made by Zyklon-B gas. The Nuremberg war trials prosecuted those that had conducted this Genocide. During this time, Ireland remained neutral and the period became known as 'The Emergency. Food becomes very scarce, and energy use is rationed.

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The Cold War: It was a time of hostility and tension between the two superpowers, the US and the USSR. Many tense interactions between the two superpowers, such as The Berlin Blockade, The Korean war, and The Cuban Missile Crisis, took place during this time, almost causing another world war.

1960s: The 1960s were dominated by key events and issues such as The Cold war, The Space Race, The Vietnam War, Civil Rights in the USA, Decolonisation in Asia and Africa, the Women's liberation movement, Youth Culture and revolution and the Vatican II.

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The Cold War: Seven Minutes to Midnight | Documentary

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Changing Experience of Women: There were more women at work and slow changes to the education situation. Irish Women's liberation movement pressed for Change. Commission on the status of women encouraged the government and other bodies to eliminate all other aspects of inequality employment act of 1977 outlawed discrimination based on sex. Overall there was a significant change in women's lives beginning and end of the 20th Century.

1960s: They promoted a new economic policy of economic expansion, which encouraged exports. Changes in education, such as new schools and free school transport. Social changes such as shopping centres. In Northern Ireland, Civil rights were demanded by Catholics. Conflict and Marches led to troubles.

The Troubles: Major events included The battle of the Bogside, introduction of British troops, new political parties and the organisation of paramilitary groups. Efforts to secure a solution were the Sunningdale Agreement, the Anglo Irish Agreement, the Hume-Adams talks, the Downing street declaration and the Good Friday agreement. The troubles impacted relationships between Northern Ireland and the south and Ireland and Britain.

1973 Ireland joins the EEC: This later becomes the EC and now the EU. It was set up in Europe to heal the divisions of WWII and promote peace and prosperity, and finally, unity in Europe.