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Name different categories and give examples

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Name different categories and give examples

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This is the hero's home/status quo.

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This is when an event occurs that triggers a desire or provides a notice for the hero to pursue an adventure. There can be a refusal to this call as they might hesitate or refuse due to other commitments or fear.

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Orpheus is a singer, poet and musician. He carries a lyre on his shoulder, and has a wife named Eurydice. However, one day, she was napping in the forest and was bitten by a viper and killed. Distraught with grief, Orpheus ventures into the underworld, determined to restore her back to the world of living.

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To summarise the plot in a couple sentences, Theseus finds out about his heritage and long lost father in Athens and ventures out to find him. After reaching him, he is told that they are in danger because of King Minos and the Minotaur, so Theseus goes to slay the Minotaur. He makes a promise to his father that he would hoist a white sail if he survives. In Crete where the Minotaur resides, he finds a girl he likes named Ariadne, who provides him with string and a sword. Theseus uses the string to navigate the labyrinth and then slays the Minotaur. He leaves, but also abandons Ariadne, and forgets to put up his sail accidentally causing the death of his father. Theseus becomes king of Athens.

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Coyote, an indigenous man known infamously for his tricks, is confronted by a white man. When asked by the white man to demonstrate one of his trickster abilities, he fools the white man to give all his belongings and clothing in order to get on his horse to retrieve his "trickster medicine". He thus leaves the white man there with nothing. The moral of this story is to not be naive and so trusting in others.

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An archetype is a pattern repeated in many stories and tales. Archetypes can be seen over a long period of time and through different cultures.

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Character archetypes are the traits and roles the characters play in a story.

The most common character archetype is the hero, the main protagonist in the story, who will at the end, succeed or fail in their trials and will return to the normal world as a new person, whether it be for the better or the worse.

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Orpheus ventured down to the Underworld. With his music, he convinced Charon the ferryman to take him across the River Styx. He used a similar method to slip past Cerberus, the three-headed guard dog. Orpheus met with Persephone, and convinced her to let him take Eurydice back to the living world. He was allowed on one condition: he must walk in front of her, and he must not look back until they were both in the living world. Just as Orpheus crossed into the living world, he glanced back. However, Eurydice had lagged behind, and had not reached the end, and was brought back down to the Underworld forever.

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A theme is the main topic of a story. Theme archetypes are topics that are used over and over in history.

An example of a theme archetype is "good overpowers evil". In most stories, the hero will always triumph while the opposition is conquered and left for dead. This can be seen in stories such as Theseus and the Minotaur, where Theseus returns and the Minotaur is slaughtered in the labyrinth.

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In the story, Anansi, the main character, is a trickster archetype. He devises a clever scheme to eat the best crops from his farm during a famine, and leave the rest of his family less to fend for themselves. He eventually gets caught, and must face the chief and the entire village who laugh and scrutinize him. This myth playfully explains the origins of spiders, and why they "hide in dark corners". This myth teaches a few morals, to think before you act, and that your actions have consequences.

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Nanabush is a magician who lived in a world with his brother, the animals, and the serpent people. The serpent people would kill the animals, resulting in Nanabush fighting against them. One day, his brother did not return home and Nanabush suspected it was because of the serpent people. After he kills 3 serpent people, they react by rising the water levels, covering the world with water. Nanabush gathers all the animals on a raft and creates the world we live on now.

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The heroine, Savitri, must find a husband to marry. She manages to find herself a husband in a forest and falls in love at first sight. Savitri returns to her kingdom to inform her father of her beloved Satyavan. Her father disagrees, saying that he has no money and that she would have a hard time living there. In the end, she manages to convince him and they have their wedding. The wisest sage in the kingdom said that Satyavan is destined to die. Savitri and Satyavan return to the forest where they live for a year together. The day comes and Satyavan passes away from the heat. The god of death, Yamraj, comes to retrieve his soul and Savitri follows. They travel far and Yamraj asks why she is following him. She doesn't reply and gets a wish for being persistent. This goes on for another 2 times and she manages to get her husband's soul back. Savitri and Satyavan reunite and they return back home to live a happy life with Satyavan's parents' sight and kingdoms restored.

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The four seasons in the myth is an archetype that symbolizes the life stages.

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Hero : Orpheus
Ruler/King : Oeagrus King of Thrace
The Lover : Eurydice

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This is usually someone that can be seen as a mentor and gives tools/information to help the hero become wiser or stronger. Sometimes aid comes in the form of objects too (i.e. a shield, a wand)

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This is when the hero embarks on the journey and is usually the point of no return as the hero is fully committed to the task.

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The test - as the main character Coyote is tested by the white man. Since the white man knows Coyote's identity, it would be harder for Coyote to trick him

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The victim: In this story we see the character archetype of the victim through the character Satyavan. The victim is someone who is typically defenceless and sometimes ends up facing death, which is what happens in this story

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Person vs. Nature - The characters are struggling against a famine.

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- The Hero (Theseus)
- The Ruler (Minos)
- The Damsel (Ariadne)

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Carelessness Costs Us - when Orpheus was walking back up from the underworld, he was given a condition to have his wife's soul safely return to the overworld by not looking at her until he reaches the top. As Orpheus returns to the world's surface, he does so without realizing that Eurydice had not yet arrived in the overworld, but was still hanging back in the cave. Due to his eagerness, he loses her forever.

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The road - which represents life/growth/a journey. The white man grows as he learns not to trust others so easily.

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Love Conquers All: In this myth, Savitri and Satyavan both love each other, but face many difficulties as Satyavan will die after a year and Savitri is forced to fast in order to keep him alive. However, after his death, Savitri's strong love for Satyavan made it possible for them to reunite again.

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The Underworld - symbolizes a place of fear, where one can face death, and the unknown

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A series of obstacles and challenges that the hero encounters and must overcome. They usually become more and more difficult and they help prepare the hero for the final battle. These events can sometimes have physical battles between the hero and someone/something else, or the hero may meet a powerful goddess that provides aid.

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Plot archetypes are recognizable patterns in a story's plot and structure that are repeatedly found in stories across time, cultures, and beliefs.

An example of a polt archetype is "hero vs. villain". This plot is a hero overcoming conflict with a villain. It is evident in the myth Theseus and the Minotaur because Theseus is the hero who defeats the villainous Minotaur. This beast has been killing many Anthenians for centuries and with Theseus’ bravery, he is able to stab this creature to death and rescue others.

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Victim - White man. He had been tricked by Coyote and lost everything including his clothing, horse and gun.

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forest - symbolizes a place of wildness and danger

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This is the point where the hero enters the zone of danger where the final battle or task occurs.

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A symbol/setting archetype is an object, location, or image in a story that contains more than one functional meaning. It has both a physical meaning in the story world and a thematic meaning for the reader to interpret.

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The tarbaby in the story is a common symbol in many stories, and is used to fight off pests from farms. We can see the "gum man" is actually the tarbaby, and it is the archetypal "trap" that is laid out in a lot of trickster stories.

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Archetypal characters: The hero, the villain, the ruler, the victim
Archetypal themes: Justice Prevails, Love Conquers All, Innocence to experience, Fulfilling one's destiny.
Archetypal settings, symbols: labyrinth, road, seasons and daytime.
Archetypal plots: The hero's journey, love plot, hero versus villain, the race.

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The victim - In the story Anansi steals from his family, while they grieved as they thought he was dead. They were the victims of a trickster/thief (Anansi)

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The major test or final battle. This can also result in the death and rebirth of the hero called Apostasis.

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When the journey or the goal is completed and prize is won or earned. If the hero dies or fails to complete the final ordeal it becomes a Tragic Myth with no Prize.

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water - symbolizes the cleansing of faults and experiences in an old life or rebirth

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The hero hurries home and can sometimes still be in danger during this time. Sometimes the Hero returns home no longer under threat.

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The Journey or Quest: Savitri goes through the struggle and journey of finding the right husband for her, while growing her confidence, determination, and persistence when she finds Satyavan.

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The return of the hero as a changed and more experienced person back to the social realm.

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The trickster - Coyote. Trickster are often smart, clever, mischievious and can take advantage of arrogant people, teaching them a valuable lesson by usually tricking them. In this story, Coyote teaches the white man not to be arrogant and trust strangers.

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Trickster - The trickster is a character who is present in many stories and usually uses their wits to trick other people to get what they want. In this case, the trickster is Anansi because he came up with a clever plan of faking his death in order to steal all the best crops for himself, almost without any consequence.

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The hero can possibly return back to both worlds, although it is not shown in many myths. This can affect both social and sacred realms.

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The hero is free to live as he wants. He may become a ruler, teacher or adviser.

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Hero/trickster: Nanabush
Villains: serpent people
Victims: Nanabush's brother

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A theme present in this story is the mighty can fall. Although Anansi was boasting about his strength and was confident that he could use that strength to get the gum-man out of the yam field, he failed because he didn't stop and think about the situation more carefully, causing him to not realize that the gum-man isn't a real person and to end up getting stuck to it when he tried to attack it.

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This trickster myth encompasses a good triumphs over evil theme, where the trickster is taught a lesson and his scheming is overcome. In this myth, his family were victims of his selfishness, and they eventually solve the issue, which counts as the "good" in the story, whereas Anansi is considered the "bad".