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In 1947, the Partition of India divided the formerly British-controlled colony into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. Between 12 and 15 million people were moved, with over 1 million of them dying along the way. They moved from one side of the border to the other, with Hindus and Sikhs moving east into India, and Muslims moving west towards Pakistan and what is now Bangladesh. A lot of violence occurred between the two groups, with religious tension reaching new highs.

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The partitioning of India came after years of turmoil between Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, the people in each religious sect were forced to flee to different countries, India and Pakistan, respectively, for fear of religious prosecution.

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The Partition of India was largely influenced by push factors. The most obvious factor was the outbreak of extreme violence between multiple religious groups that occurred. Survivors became weary of others who did not follow the same beliefs, and were pushed to live with co-religionists for safety.

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This migration ties into colonization because it marks the end of British rule in the area. The land was a British colony, but it was divided when the British rule ended. The effects of colonization left instability that the new government attempted to solve by separating the land. This policy started religion-led movement into certain areas, with the idea being that agreeing on religion would lead to more cooperative and stable nations.

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With so many people moving in such a short period of time, this can easily be considered a wave of immigration, both into India and Pakistan.

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While the British were were in India, the land had been divided. After they left, people were pulled into specific regions due to pull factors regarding safety, as many believed it would be in their own best interest to live amongst co-religionists.

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The whole partition was international migration, as the majority of people were moving from India to Pakistan (or vise versa) with the intention of settling.

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Counter migration is unlikely with forced migration, especially with one (relatively) recent. Because this migration was prompted by safety concerns, migrants were didn’t often move back.

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This one applies because most people moved the shortest distance possible while still staying safe. They moved across the border, but not much further.

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Because much of India is rural (and even more so over 75 years ago), the big-city aspect isn’t as relevant. Also, the migrants were fleeing religious persecution, so they weren’t necessarily going to someplace, and they were moving away from others.

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Almost all of the land was rural, and this was a forced migration, so this one isn’t as applicable.

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This one is not applicable because it was a forced migration which saw many Hindu and Muslim families moving. However, because of such a high death rate, oftentimes the entire family would not make it to their destination, particularly with the children and women.