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Suppose that a measure taken to solve a crisis would result in the aggravation of a different crisis. For instance, closing of countries’ borders during the COVID-19 crisis contributed to the 2019 global financial recession. How do societies then decide which crisis to prioritise and therefore whether to push out the solution?

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Suppose that a measure taken to solve a crisis would result in the aggravation of a different crisis. For instance, closing of countries’ borders during the COVID-19 crisis contributed to the 2019 global financial recession. How do societies then decide which crisis to prioritise and therefore whether to push out the solution?

# data[].attributes.body
Good question to ask: relevant, Covid and people interested would be policymakers. Good to see interconnectedness between different systems like economic systems and pandemic.

It could specify, in the last part of the question -- who in society? People or policymakers? Swap out societies for policymakers.

Last part -- whether to push out solution. Asking 2 questions in 1.

Use case studies or historical examples of how these crises were handled; countries who maintained their financial system.

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How does the rapid advancement of technology, such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, and globalization affect the classification of an event as a crisis?

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How does the rapid advancement of technology, such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, and globalization affect the classification of an event as a crisis?

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affects a lot of society

too broad because advancement of technology is a very broad topic that's hard to answer because "what advancement of technology are we talking about?"

better context

too many aspects: AI, data analytics, then globalisation also -- what's the relationship between these variables?

Specify a topic or type of AI

Look into one area and research on how AI has been used so far, versus what was its purpose back then when researchers first created it; good or malicious intentions and how it affects whether it's a crisis or not

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The pre recorded lecture mentions that crises can be exploited by those in power to benefit them, but is it possible for crises to catalyst the redistribution of power dynamics and structures? If so, how? 

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The pre recorded lecture mentions that crises can be exploited by those in power to benefit them, but is it possible for crises to catalyst the redistribution of power dynamics and structures? If so, how? 

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WHY ASK: Want to explore stability of the environment and how crises can affect power dynamics; it's important because by studying impacts of crises, can learn how to cope with crises and whether they can end with +ve or 0ve outcomes in term sof power dynamics. For refining the question, we thought about asking, instead of HOW crises can catalyse, we can focus on specific outcomes, like how can crises move power from governments to grassroots leaders (redistribution of power dynamics at the moment is too generic)

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To what extent can a situation be viewed as both a crisis and not a crisis by a same group of individuals in society?

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To what extent can a situation be viewed as both a crisis and not a crisis by a same group of individuals in society?

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Vague and ambiguous -- same group of people -- which group? Why does that matter?

TWE -- only leads to large extent or small extent but not discussion

It's also important because it can be used for policy

Possible situation? Social economic classes? More resources may view it as less of a crisis, perhaps? Compromised immune systems.

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In an age where terms like 'crisis' and 'pandemic' are frequently used in media and political discourse, how can we ensure that the public remains appropriately sensitive to the gravity of such situations without becoming desensitised due to overuse as the current zeitgeist is to produce as many sensational topics as possible? 

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In an age where terms like 'crisis' and 'pandemic' are frequently used in media and political discourse, how can we ensure that the public remains appropriately sensitive to the gravity of such situations without becoming desensitised due to overuse as the current zeitgeist is to produce as many sensational topics as possible? 

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What's the distinction between what constitutes a crisis and what doesn't? Since the term of crisis has been conceptualised loosely in the media

REFINED: What constitutes a crisis and what constitutes a problem?

How does the government, journals, newspapers use the term?

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To what extent does the policy holder/ government take the interest of the people (minority) in their nation when deciding whether to compromise when meeting a crisis?

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To what extent does the policy holder/ government take the interest of the people (minority) in their nation when deciding whether to compromise when meeting a crisis?

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ASSUMPTIONS:

what kind of governance and policyholders are we talking about?

When they compromise, it's also talking about disproportionate effect on diff groups e.g. majority vs. minority

Maybe, they are asking about equal representation rather than the interest of one particular minority in a nation

Representation - approach of it -- how were minorities involved in the decision-making process and do they hold a certain number of votes or chances to speak publicly? Formal discussion with the majority to exchange ideas? It decides the extent that the minorities' voice/views can be taken into consideration.

Specify on the idea of compromise in a crisis. Dealing with solutions? Or the effects on different groups.

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How do citizens usually react when the authority defines an event as a crisis? 

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How do citizens usually react when the authority defines an event as a crisis? 

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WHY ASK: They want to know how to react when citizens panic (from the authority POV). What if they panic? How can the government mitigate the possible problems.

RELEVANT? Focus on crisis which is the topic we discussed last lecture

CRITICAL: Observational question, maybe binary. React well or not?

REFINE: What would happen if there's a clash between authority and citizen definition of crisis?

IMPROVED: Is there a framework/system to conceptualise what happens when authority and citizens' definition of crisis clash in some or all crises?

Doesn't take discussion forward

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To what extent is it justified for those in power (e.g. the government) to deny something as a crisis even if the technologists hold proven scientific evidence that the severity of a situation is comparable to the crisis level, in the name of maintaining social stability?

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To what extent is it justified for those in power (e.g. the government) to deny something as a crisis even if the technologists hold proven scientific evidence that the severity of a situation is comparable to the crisis level, in the name of maintaining social stability?

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WHY: Who has the final say in defining a crisis - experts or authority?

Define who is accountable for the consequence of defining the crisis.

Critical because it's about power and defining crisis

If technical skills are needed, should experts or authorities define something as a crisis and why?

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Why can't the collective opinion of the public in a democratic society where people have the power to influence decision-making, outshine the government's power to identify a situation as a crisis?

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Why can't the collective opinion of the public in a democratic society where people have the power to influence decision-making, outshine the government's power to identify a situation as a crisis?

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Should the public be allowed to overthrow the government' s definition of a crisis? They should be able to have the definition changed.

Question was leading because of the "Why can't" so we changed it to "should"

Collective opinion doesn't mean majority opinion, so we changed it to majority because collective might be focused on only a small area.

REFINED QUESTION: Should the majority opinion of the public have the power to veto the government's crisis determination?

(since the crisis will bring about social impacts)

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Given each country's diverse and unique geographical and social situation, how do international governance structures ensure inclusiveness and address the specific needs of different target groups from various countries when responding to a crisis? 

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Given each country's diverse and unique geographical and social situation, how do international governance structures ensure inclusiveness and address the specific needs of different target groups from various countries when responding to a crisis? 

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Scopes out to the whole world -- how do rich, poor, etc., different groups get affected

RELEVANCE: International governance can take the form of the UN and there are LEDCs, and _____, in the context of global warming. Even though some policies are not suitable for LEDCs since they don't have funds. Important for equity and equality.

TIME CRITICAL - war, famine

HOW TO REFINE?

add a real-life example of a crisis -- too general at the moment

HOW TO ANSWER:

UN Reports put out annually on how they report on different countries; case study style of analysis

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Should individuals be held accountable for responding in a certain way to a "crisis" declared by their organisation/institute/government?

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Should individuals be held accountable for responding in a certain way to a "crisis" declared by their organisation/institute/government?

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Relevant in today's context - e.g. Russian-Ukraine war and how soldiers respond to their government infractions

During Covid pandemic how does the public respond

Hiking up prices of masks, etc. -- are they justifiable?

individuals may have their own reasons -- free will?

IMPROVEMENTS:

Clarity and specificity: "certain way" can be more specific -- to cover a justified/unjustified action

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How do we measure the effectiveness of government efforts to ensure that enforced will make an impact on the community? For example, in the case of increased isolation and loneliness of elderly due to ageing population, how would we understand whether the there is both short and long term positive impacts on the elderly’s life. 

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How do we measure the effectiveness of government efforts to ensure that enforced will make an impact on the community? For example, in the case of increased isolation and loneliness of elderly due to ageing population, how would we understand whether the there is both short and long term positive impacts on the elderly’s life. 

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PURPOSE: Govenrment didn't give out specific criteria to measure the effectiveness of their own policy

IMPORTANCE: the public deserves rights to know the effectiveness of the policy and government can improve it with that information

NOT RELEVANT BUT STILL CRITICAL because the lecture was about crisis.

REFINING QUESTION:

Kept the first part of the question

Want to provide a reason afterwards to clarify why we want to ask -- e.g. the public don't know the effectiveness

Specify a policy: Use GST hike

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Considering that crises do offer valuable lessons, how essential are they for both personal and societal development?

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Considering that crises do offer valuable lessons, how essential are they for both personal and societal development?

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Scope of the question is too broad. Personal and societal development are two very big perspectives; role of crisis for yourself and everybody around you as well. So the answers/perspectives you'll be looking at will not be focused. (Choose 1, not both?)

Question is vague because they can refer to lessons or to the crisis and the answers will depend on your interpretations

If the question already assumes that crises definitely offer valuable lessons, so why ask about how it's essential?

Maybe, what benefits to personal/society?

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How does the one measure the extend of the seriousness of a crisis when it stems from society internalizing certain behaviors? For example, the worsening of racial discrimination throughout the years. From the society standpoint, this might be considered a a new 'norm' or perhaps it has always been a 'norm' which basically disregard the unfair treaments the minority groups are receiving.

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How does the one measure the extend of the seriousness of a crisis when it stems from society internalizing certain behaviors? For example, the worsening of racial discrimination throughout the years. From the society standpoint, this might be considered a a new 'norm' or perhaps it has always been a 'norm' which basically disregard the unfair treaments the minority groups are receiving.

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unclear -- they are saying that racial discrimination may have become a norm; is there a change in our internal perspective even though externally things are the same? Or is there an external change that has led to us changing our perspective? WHat changed and what stayed the same?

How would you think of it as a crisis if it's internalised? What would you consider a crisis if certain behaviours are internalised?

What constitutes a crisis -- that seems to be the heart of the question

REWORDED: What would lead to one categorising a situation as a crisis when the unstable behaviours contributing to the crisis has been internalised/normalised in society?

IMPORTANT: with the racial discrimination context, it gives a complex account of various voices in society

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How can an organization achieve an equilibrium between the necessity of transparency and possible legal risks, and what aspects need to be taken into account when deciding what details to reveal in a crisis?

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How can an organization achieve an equilibrium between the necessity of transparency and possible legal risks, and what aspects need to be taken into account when deciding what details to reveal in a crisis?

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WHY ASK: prevent loss of welfare between organisations and people associated with those organisations?

Let's say if there's too much information revealed, organisation might face legal action -- social media companies like TikTok, FB -- they need to testify about their impacts on society. A lot of them are questioned about stealing people's data, etc. We should expect some level of transparency and organisations shouldn't hold back this information since it affects people's privacy.

Breaking down the question: a little bit cluttered; better if person were to contextualise question before asking. E.g. Transparency and legal risks, and how much they withhold information.

Better structure: For organisations withholding information can be seen as dishonest, while revealing too mcuh could pose them legal risks. How can organisations balance between these two factors in deciding how much to reveal in a crisis?

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Is it possible for a crisis to be truly subjective, and do individuals and societies perceive and respond to crises differently? Or is a crisis universally understood as what it is?

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Is it possible for a crisis to be truly subjective, and do individuals and societies perceive and respond to crises differently? Or is a crisis universally understood as what it is?

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Crisis is very broad and different people perceive crisis differently. This question is a yes/no question -- is it possible? It's an absolute question. Is it TRULY and is it UNIVERSALLY? Usually it's clear that it's not true anyway. How can we rephrase it so it captures the essence but doesn't frame it so absolutely?

We tried to contextualise it using SG's land shortage issue -- is it considered a crisis by different stakeholders in Singapore?

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What are the ethical implications of crisis conceptualization, response and management including issues of equity especially since often times the people who decide on what is a crisis and how to respond to a crisis is people with power/an authoritative figure?

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What are the ethical implications of crisis conceptualization, response and management including issues of equity especially since often times the people who decide on what is a crisis and how to respond to a crisis is people with power/an authoritative figure?

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Conceptualisation, response and management seems to be the same thing

Ones in power may not be plugged into the ground sentiment on what's happening -- so that's a problem

Affects people's lives

Relevant and critical but a bit too convoluted -- 2 things to address, along with equity, and we still have to think about how people in power are affecting it.

While still not being leading question

Is it appropriate for privileged and powerful individuals to influence the less privileged (under-resourced) in times of crisis?

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How do the interactions among governance, cultural values, economic systems, and individual agency influence the emergence, dealing, and resolution of crises?

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How do the interactions among governance, cultural values, economic systems, and individual agency influence the emergence, dealing, and resolution of crises?

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Why ask? Know how each player can contribute and optimise the solution. If we know which party is best at doing what, then we can split the work better.

RELEVANT: It's relevant but not critical. Yeah of course we want to solve this. Anyone would ask this

To be more specific, since it's so broad, it feels like this can be applied to anything. The bad thing about this is, the type of crisis is not known so the dominant player, we cannot identify it and it's too general.

How to answer the question? First is case study -- we see how governments in other countries have responded to the crisis in question. Duplicate and see if it's suitable for our situation.

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Another question that I have is that during crisis, governments usually focus on bringing equity, not equality, which means more help is probably going to be directed at marginalized groups, so they do not suffer disproportionately in the times of crisis. How do governments navigate the balance between achieving equity by providing targeted assistance to marginalized groups during times of crisis, while also ensuring broader societal stability and recovery for all citizens?

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Another question that I have is that during crisis, governments usually focus on bringing equity, not equality, which means more help is probably going to be directed at marginalized groups, so they do not suffer disproportionately in the times of crisis. How do governments navigate the balance between achieving equity by providing targeted assistance to marginalized groups during times of crisis, while also ensuring broader societal stability and recovery for all citizens?

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Important because based on how government allocates reosurce,s it affects citizens differently; i deally it benefits everyone, not just certain populations.

Good parts: they gave a context -- described what they mean by equity -- giving resources for more marginalised groups; concept of equality where everyone benefits from it.

How to improve/unclear parts:

what do they mean by the government navigating the balance? Are they asking us what the government has done or what should it be doing?

the context in the beginning is quite repetitive to the question -- the question can be made concise by just asking the question

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It was mentioned that people of "power", in particular authoritative figures such as the government, gets to decide what is considered a crisis. Is it still plausible for the collective power of the general public through widespread advocacy or riots, has the potential to reshape crisis narratives? In what ways does this challenge traditional understandings of crisis management and decision-making processes, and how might such changes affect the general dynamics of governance and public policy?

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It was mentioned that people of "power", in particular authoritative figures such as the government, gets to decide what is considered a crisis. Is it still plausible for the collective power of the general public through widespread advocacy or riots, has the potential to reshape crisis narratives? In what ways does this challenge traditional understandings of crisis management and decision-making processes, and how might such changes affect the general dynamics of governance and public policy?

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WHY ASK? Relevant issue -- can see this happening in a lot of countries. Every person has a voice and should have the opportunityt to explain their views and advocate for issues.

We nee dto ask to what extent their advocacy can make a difference. What this person is asking is, ... there's three questions in one.

HOW TO REFINE IT? Make it more holistic -- pushes readers to a negative POV (the last question) and doesn't consider the positive. Change the structure of question and it was trying to do too many things.

In what ways > 5W1H.

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To what extent is our perception of a situation as a "crisis" subjective? If it is shaped by our own values and cultural context, should there be an objective definition of crisis? Should we make a list of requirements that has to checked off for the government to take proper action?

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To what extent is our perception of a situation as a "crisis" subjective? If it is shaped by our own values and cultural context, should there be an objective definition of crisis? Should we make a list of requirements that has to checked off for the government to take proper action?

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Make it an open-ended question

We can't really quantify a crisis -- should there be an objective definition? (WHO - how do they quantify something as a crisis -- how many cases then it's considered?)

Difference between perception and understanding; they can be influenced

Where are the boundaries that make things a crisis? Each group has their own boundaries.

Should there be an objective criteria for defining a criss and should the government establish a requirement?

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In a globalised world where crisis are transcending boundaries, how does international organisations/countries decide on what crisis should be prioritised for collective action to be taken? 

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In a globalised world where crisis are transcending boundaries, how does international organisations/countries decide on what crisis should be prioritised for collective action to be taken? 

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WHY? When we think of crises we think on a national scale but here they are interested in inter-boundary crisis. Can apply to Covid 19 as an example; some countries didn't want to share their resources. How can collection action be taken?

IMPROVEMENTS

define what boundaries they are talking about

International organisations/countries -- separate the two? Since they handle crises differently

Relevant and somewhat clear, critical

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To what extent have governments/political elite taken advantage of crises for the sole reason of staying in power under the guise of  “protecting its citizens” and “national interests”?

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To what extent have governments/political elite taken advantage of crises for the sole reason of staying in power under the guise of  “protecting its citizens” and “national interests”?

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relevant and timely -- concerns citizens' welfare and encourages more transparency in the government

improve phrasing -- government and political elite can choose 1. "Taking advantage of crisis" is a bit vague -- how crises are exploited? How governments prioritise their self interest over public interest.

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Do different governmental organisations collaborate or compete in responding to crises? Who decides who to take charge? 

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Do different governmental organisations collaborate or compete in responding to crises? Who decides who to take charge? 

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IMPORTANT. problem has many aspects and towards one crisis we may need different people/organisations to play different roles and do more together

Are government organisations here domestic or international?

Provide context -- what kind of crisis and the level of crisis to frame the question better

newspapers and journal articles?

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If a certain phenomenon can lead both levels of the country and society into crises on different aspects that cannot be solved at the same time, which side of the victim (people or country) will be prioritized? Do the victims consider the number of beneficiaries or the benefit to the country as a whole?

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If a certain phenomenon can lead both levels of the country and society into crises on different aspects that cannot be solved at the same time, which side of the victim (people or country) will be prioritized? Do the victims consider the number of beneficiaries or the benefit to the country as a whole?

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Assumption: country and society are separately considered.

Crux: interest of each party; should decisions be made in the interest of people or in the country?

Need to define it more so people/country are more separate

Keep the stability of society when it comes to crises that affect both parties. Relevant but very general because a lot of crises affect both parties.

What are the factors that affect the balance of stability of social system and political decision?

(E.g. during pandemic, government should pay more money to save economics or invest into the medical system to save more people)

Ethical issues; focus on one perspective and give clearer direction to tell us what's the main problem?

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Considering the types of crisis in different fields outside of socio-political context, can it be said that some social media phenomena (such as #MeToo movement or Amber Heard Vs Johnny Depp's domestic violence case) can be counted as "crisis" as these events sort of catalysed a conversation about domestic abuse? 

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Considering the types of crisis in different fields outside of socio-political context, can it be said that some social media phenomena (such as #MeToo movement or Amber Heard Vs Johnny Depp's domestic violence case) can be counted as "crisis" as these events sort of catalysed a conversation about domestic abuse? 

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relevant topic now; ensures justice for the victims

Focus should be on the prevalence of domestic abuse. What is this "conversation" they are trying to analyse?

What is the relationship between the conversation and the crisis / domestic abuse being a crisis?

Is crisis anything that sparks unrest? (is that the assumption behind the question)

Yes/No question

Would the unrest caused by a conversation define a crisis?

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What a scientist thinks is a crisis might not be accepted as a crisis by others (climate crisis was not paid attention to in the beginning). In contrast, what the government deems to be a crisis is often widely accepted quite immediately (SG's context of Covid-19). In that case, what gives people the power to label something as a crisis and influence others to think the same as well?

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What a scientist thinks is a crisis might not be accepted as a crisis by others (climate crisis was not paid attention to in the beginning). In contrast, what the government deems to be a crisis is often widely accepted quite immediately (SG's context of Covid-19). In that case, what gives people the power to label something as a crisis and influence others to think the same as well?

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IMPORTANCE: multiple authorities in the world today -- how do we choose the right one to follow?

Determines how policies are going to be made -- e.g. different authorities might say different things about a crisis and decisions may change based on that

Relevant because there's more authorities now -- from only government to when individuals can become an authority

REFINING

Answer now is obvious -- what gives people the power to label something as a crisis -- kinda obvious why the government has power

Why is it that the government (most of the time) is given the most authority to label a crisis?

e.g. rather than scientists?

When are others allowed to voice their opinions? (actually: when do their opinions become influential)

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Is it true that there has been a widespread misuse of the term "crisis" in our society that refrains us as a society in whole to convey the direness of the situation? How does this influence who is able to manipulate the idea of "crisis" and power play it to their advantage? Are we, as a society, already unable to differentiate the true crises that poses as a threat to our society?

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Is it true that there has been a widespread misuse of the term "crisis" in our society that refrains us as a society in whole to convey the direness of the situation? How does this influence who is able to manipulate the idea of "crisis" and power play it to their advantage? Are we, as a society, already unable to differentiate the true crises that poses as a threat to our society?

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WHY ASK THIS QUESTION: Know that people in power do sometimes manipulate situations to their advantage

RELEVANT: Want to know who has the power to affect how we view/interpret crises; what's the relationship between media and people?

IMPROVEMENTS

make it into 1 question instead since they are related

Are we as a society able to identify what is a "true" (more severe) as a crisis versus what has been fed to us by the media?

How does media exposure influence one's views on how to define a crisis?

Example brought up: GST issue, is it a crisis or not? Will affect everyone. But with the LGBTQ crisis a crisis for others as well? Or just for a smaller group?

HOW TO ANSWER: Media, how academics evaluate what is said

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Does differing states of governance between countries result in different systems being formed and consequently different kinds of global crises produced?

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Does differing states of governance between countries result in different systems being formed and consequently different kinds of global crises produced?

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original question phrased in an ambiguous way

yes/no question

what does state of governance mean? What type of system do they mean?

relevant question, and critical -- asks an important question underneath (how governments react to national problems does affect the extent of the crisis)

"How can the stability of the government and their economic/political/social system affect/create global crisis?"

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We have to rely on technical experts in response to crisis. They have to collect data, conduct studies to assess the crisis before proposing new government policies moving forward. Given the time-critical nature of crises, how can experts balance between being prompt in their analyses and recommending suitable policies before the crisis worsens? Or is either one to be sacrificed for a sound policy to be implemented?

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We have to rely on technical experts in response to crisis. They have to collect data, conduct studies to assess the crisis before proposing new government policies moving forward. Given the time-critical nature of crises, how can experts balance between being prompt in their analyses and recommending suitable policies before the crisis worsens? Or is either one to be sacrificed for a sound policy to be implemented?

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too long

addresses some characteristics of a crisis -- stable, time critical/urgent nature of crisis

how can experts balance between coming up with data and recommending something fast?

Technical experts conduct studies to assess crisis before proposal new policies. Given the urgency of crises, how can experts balance between being prompt and recommending suitable policies before the crisis worsens? Or is either one to be sacrificed?

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To what extent does the resolution of a crisis lie in the hands of the citizens, and not the government?

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To what extent does the resolution of a crisis lie in the hands of the citizens, and not the government?

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significance: to determine who is responsible for the resolution of the crisis

assumes only government/citizens are responsible when there are others like corporations/NGO/UN

Doesn't specify the type of crisis because stakeholders involved depends on the type of crisis (vague)

Seems like we need to define the crisis, who are the stakeholders and what their roles are

What type of resolution are we looking for?

Disguised Y/N question

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Given how interconnected various social sciences disciplines are, is there a universal standards on deciding what constitutes a crisis across different social sciences discipline? Would a crisis that severely affects a smaller group be treated the same as one that moderately affects a large group? 

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Given how interconnected various social sciences disciplines are, is there a universal standards on deciding what constitutes a crisis across different social sciences discipline? Would a crisis that severely affects a smaller group be treated the same as one that moderately affects a large group? 

# data[].attributes.body
a bit long

2 Y/N questions

not detailed enough -- what are universal standards? Smaller groups and large groups -- how do you define them? What do you mean by severe/moderate effects?

Improved: Given how interconnected social science disciplines are, how do they work together or come up with a universal standard?

Significance: universal standards can be important in collaboration between social science disciplines