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"Hold On" is an ancient Negro Spiritual that has been performed for over 200 years. The lyrics are in: https://www.negrospirituals.com/songs/hold_on.htm

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1. Trans Atlantic slave trade was only about half of the slave trade out of Africa.  An estimated 10 million slaves were brought to Northern Africa, Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, and India.
2. In the late 1700's Christians began mobilizing in North America and Western Europe to end the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
3. Initially Africans who were sold to Europeans were prisoners of wars.

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(Dalen) The Abolition of the Slave Trade (Picture 1)

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(Dalen) The Abolition of the Slave Trade (Picture 1)

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Our first picture, "The Abolition of the Slave Trade", shows an African getting punished. This picture was illustrated in 1792.

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"Fugitive Slave Trapped, U.S. - 19th Century"

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(Dalen) Fugitive Slave Trapped (Picture 2)

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(Dalen) Fugitive Slave Trapped (Picture 2)

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Our second picture, "Fugitive Slave Trapped", there are two White men with guns who have trapped a "runaway slave". The Black men, who was just caught, looks afraid.

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This is a Situation In the film "Freedom," slaves are shown aboard a slave ship, and it is shown how unhygienic the conditions were for these people as they traveled from Africa to the Americas.

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Tragic History of Slavery Through the Middle Passage Slave Trade

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Scene From the movie "Freedom," borrowed for educational use for my 8th grade U.S. History class. It depicts slaves aboard a slave ship on a course for South Carolina. Great clip for showing the unsanitary conditions these people had to endure while crossing the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas.

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(Dalen) Our Website Dedicated to Slavery

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(Dalen) Our Website Dedicated to Slavery

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On the website "Slave Voyages", there are categories that include, but not limited to, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Intra-America, and People of the Atlantic Slave Trade. There are also sections merel regarding early slavery.

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Drawing on extensive archival records, this digital memorial allows analysis of the ships, traders, and captives in the Atlantic slave trade. The three databases below provide details of 36,000 trans-Atlantic slave voyages, 10,000 intra-American ventures, names and personal information. You can rea…

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"Middle Passage" was written by Robert Hayden in 1949. In it he talks about the experiences of both blacks and whites involved in the Atlantic Slave Trade.

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Jesús, Estrella, Esperanza, Mercy:

Sails flashing to the wind like weapons,

sharks following the moans the fever and the dying;

horror the corposant and compass rose.

to life upon these shores.

Blacks rebellious. Crew uneasy. Our linguist says

their moaning is a prayer for death,

ours and their own. Some try to starve themselves.

Lost three this morning leaped with crazy laughter

to the waiting sharks, sang as they went under."

Desire, Adventure, Tartar, Ann:

Standing to America, bringing home

black gold, black ivory, black seed.

Deep in the festering hold thy father lies,

of his bones New England pews are made,

those are altar lights that were his eyes.

Jesus Saviour Pilot Me

Over Life's Tempestuous Sea

We pray that Thou wilt grant, O Lord,

safe passage to our vessels bringing

heathen souls unto Thy chastening.

"8 bells. I cannot sleep, for I am sick

with fear, but writing eases fear a little

since still my eyes can see these words take shape

upon the page & so I write, as one

would turn to exorcism. 4 days scudding,

but now the sea is calm again. Misfortune

follows in our wake like sharks (our grinning

tutelary gods). Which one of us

has killed an albatross? A plague among

our blacks-Ophthalmia: blindness-& we

have jettisoned the blind to no avail.

It spreads, the terrifying sickness spreads.

Its claws have scratched sight from the Capt.'s eyes

& there is blindness in the fo'c'sle

& we must sail 3 weeks before we come

What port awaits us, Davy Jones'

or home? I've heard of slavers drifting, drifting,

playthings of wind and storm and chance, their crews

gone blind, the jungle hatred

crawling up on deck.

Thou Who Walked On Galilee

"Deponent further sayeth The Bella J

with cargo of five hundred blacks and odd

for the barracoons of Florida:

"That there was hardly room 'tween-decks for half

the sweltering cattle stowed spoon-fashion there;

that some went mad of thirst and tore their flesh

"That Crew and Captain lusted with the comeliest

of the savage girls kept naked in the cabins;

that there was one they called The Guinea Rose

and they cast lots and fought to lie with her:

"That when the Bo's'n piped all hands, the flames

spreading from starboard already were beyond

control, the negroes howling and their chains

entangled with the flames:

"That the burning blacks could not be reached,

that the Crew abandoned ship,

leaving their shrieking negresses behind,

that the Captain perished drunken with the wenches:

"Further Deponent sayeth not."

Pilot Oh Pilot Me

Aye, lad, and I have seen those factories,

Gambia, Rio Pongo, Calabar;

have watched the artful mongos baiting traps

of war wherein the victor and the vanquished

Were caught as prizes for our barracoons.

Have seen the nigger kings whose vanity

and greed turned wild black hides of Fellatah,

Mandingo, Ibo, Kru to gold for us.

And there was one-King Anthracite we named him-

fetish face beneath French parasols

of brass and orange velvet, impudent mouth

whose cups were carven skulls of enemies:

He'd honor us with drum and feast and conjo

and palm-oil-glistening wenches deft in love,

and for tin crowns that shone with paste,

red calico and German-silver trinkets

Would have the drums talk war and send

his warriors to burn the sleeping villages

and kill the sick and old and lead the young

in coffles to our factories.

Twenty years a trader, twenty years,

for there was wealth aplenty to be harvested

from those black fields, and I'd be trading still

but for the fevers melting down my bones.

Shuttles in the rocking loom of history,

the dark ships move, the dark ships move,

their bright ironical names

like jests of kindness on a murderer's mouth;

plough through thrashing glister toward

fata morgana's lucent melting shore,

weave toward New World littorals that are

mirage and myth and actual shore.

voyage whose chartings are unlove.

A charnel stench, effluvium of living death

spreads outward from the hold,

where the living and the dead, the horribly dying,

lie interlocked, lie foul with blood and excrement.

Deep in the festering hold thy father lies,

the corpse of mercy rots with him,

rats eat love's rotten gelid eyes.

But, oh, the living look at you

with human eyes whose suffering accuses you,

whose hatred reaches through the swill of dark

to strike you like a leper's claw.

You cannot stare that hatred down

or chain the fear that stalks the watches

and breathes on you its fetid scorching breath;

cannot kill the deep immortal human wish,

"But for the storm that flung up barriers

of wind and wave, The Amistad, señores,

would have reached the port of Príncipe in two,

three days at most; but for the storm we should

have been prepared for what befell.

Swift as the puma's leap it came. There was

that interval of moonless calm filled only

with the water's and the rigging's usual sounds,

then sudden movement, blows and snarling cries

and they had fallen on us with machete

and marlinspike. It was as though the very

air, the night itself were striking us.

Exhausted by the rigors of the storm,

we were no match for them. Our men went down

before the murderous Africans. Our loyal

Celestino ran from below with gun

and lantern and I saw, before the cane-

knife's wounding flash, Cinquez,

that surly brute who calls himself a prince,

directing, urging on the ghastly work.

He hacked the poor mulatto down, and then

he turned on me. The decks were slippery

when daylight finally came. It sickens me

to think of what I saw, of how these apes

threw overboard the butchered bodies of

our men, true Christians all, like so much jetsam.

Enough, enough. The rest is quickly told:

Cinquez was forced to spare the two of us

you see to steer the ship to Africa,

and we like phantoms doomed to rove the sea

voyaged east by day and west by night,

deceiving them, hoping for rescue,

prisoners on our own vessel, till

at length we drifted to the shores of this

your land, America, where we were freed

from our unspeakable misery. Now we

demand, good sirs, the extradition of

Cinquez and his accomplices to La

Havana. And it distresses us to know

there are so many here who seem inclined

to justify the mutiny of these blacks.

We find it paradoxical indeed

that you whose wealth, whose tree of liberty

are rooted in the labor of your slaves

should suffer the august John Quincy Adams

to speak with so much passion of the right

of chattel slaves to kill their lawful masters

and with his Roman rhetoric weave a hero's

garland for Cinquez. I tell you that

we are determined to return to Cuba

with our slaves and there see justice done. Cinquez-

or let us say 'the Prince'-Cinquez shall die."

The deep immortal human wish,

Cinquez its deathless primaveral image,

life that transfigures many lives.

to life upon these shores.

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Middle Passage by Robert Hayden | Poetry Foundation

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Jesús, Estrella, Esperanza, Mercy: Sails flashing to the wind like weapons, sharks following the moans the fever and the dying; horror the corposant and compass rose. to life upon these shores. Blacks rebellious. Crew uneasy. Our linguist says their moaning is a prayer for death, ours and their own.

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Authored by Time's Tavis Smiley, the article explains why Smiley believes that Black Americans can be brought back into slavery. In his article, he explains all of what Black Americans have had to go through in the last 200 years - whether it was slavery or Jim Crow.

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Why I Fear America Could Enslave Black People Again

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Donald Trump's 'Make America great again' slogan and the Republican Congress's blocking of Obama's Supreme Court nominee scare me

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This history of Transatlantic Slave Trade (1526-1867).

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The informative Britannica article, it talks about the horrors that captured Africans had to live through. The article discusses the living conditions, physical abuse, and the diseases that ran rampant on the ships. In addition, the article talks about slave revolts - which was act of captured Africans fighting and/or killing their kidnappers to escape.

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Table of Contents

transatlantic slave trade, segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the second of three stages of the so-called triangular trade, in which arms, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.

Origins of the transatlantic trade of enslaved people

By the 1480s Portuguese ships were already transporting Africans for use as enslaved labourers on the sugar plantations in the Cape Verde and Madeira islands in the eastern Atlantic. Spanish conquistadors took enslaved Africans to the Caribbean after 1502, but Portuguese merchants continued to dominate the transatlantic slave trade for another century and a half, operating from their bases in the Congo-Angola area along the west coast of Africa. The Dutch became the foremost traders of enslaved people during parts of the 1600s, and in the following century English and French merchants controlled about half of the transatlantic slave trade, taking a large percentage of their human cargo from the region of West Africa between the Sénégal and Niger rivers. In 1713 an agreement between Spain and Britain granted the British a monopoly on the trade of enslaved people with the Spanish colonies. Under the Asiento de negros, Britain was entitled to supply those colonies with 4,800 enslaved Africans per year for 30 years. The contract for this supply was assigned to the South Sea Company, of which British Queen Anne held some 22.5 percent of the stock.

Study the history of the African slave trade and its economic effect on western Africa, where coastal states became rich and powerful while savanna states were destabilized as their people were taken captive

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Probably no more than a few hundred thousand Africans were taken to the Americas before 1600. In the 17th century, however, demand for enslaved labour rose sharply with the growth of sugar plantations in the Caribbean and tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region in North America. The largest numbers of enslaved people were taken to the Americas during the 18th century, when, according to historians' estimates, nearly three-fifths of the total volume of the transatlantic slave trade took place.

The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. Economic incentives for warlords and tribes to engage in the trade of enslaved people promoted an atmosphere of lawlessness and violence. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. A large percentage of the people taken captive were women in their childbearing years and young men who normally would have been starting families. The European enslavers usually left behind persons who were elderly, disabled, or otherwise dependent-groups who were least able to contribute to the economic health of their societies.

Historians have debated the nature and extent of European and African agency in the actual capture of those who were enslaved. During the early years of the transatlantic slave trade, the Portuguese generally purchased Africans who had been enslaved during tribal wars. As the demand for enslaved people grew, the Portuguese began to enter the interior of Africa to forcibly take captives; as other Europeans became involved in the slave trade, generally they remained on the coast and purchased captives from Africans who had transported them from the interior. Following capture, the abducted Africans were marched to the coast, a journey that could be as many as 300 miles (485 km). Typically, two captives were chained together at the ankle, and columns of captives were tied together by ropes around their necks. An estimated 10 to 15 percent of the captives died on their way to the coast.

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transatlantic slave trade | History & Facts

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transatlantic slave trade, segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century.