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https://youtu.be/yf7jAF2Tk40 - Dr. David Pilgrim, the wonder of the Jim Crow Museum talks about different artifacts in the museum while talking about the harmful affects that these laws had.

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https://www.learningforjustice.org/classroom-resources/texts/jim-crow-is-watching This article gives a brief overview of how Jim Crow laws were formed and how they were dismantled during the Civil Rights Movement. This article is great for students to read - since it is a short quick read.

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Extra Source: Jim Crow Museum - Resource List 

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Extra Source: Jim Crow Museum - Resource List 

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https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/academics/courses/index.htm This website contains a list of resources pertaining to African American Achievement, Civil Rights, Jim Crow, Reconstruction, and Slavery.

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Website - Library of Congress | Jim Crow and Segregation 

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Website - Library of Congress | Jim Crow and Segregation 

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https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/jim-crow-segregation/ This website contains primary sources, videos, images, etc.

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Field trip - African American Library at the Gregory School

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Field trip - African American Library at the Gregory School

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https://easttexashistory.org/items/show/346 The Gregory School was built in Houston, Texas in the Fourth Ward neighborhood, in the 1870’s during Reconstruction. The school was built of the educational advancement of newly freed slaves, but was eventually burned down. It is now a library and archives that is open for events/field trips.

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https://www.uh.edu/class/history/faculty-and-staff/reed_l/ Dr. Linda Reed is an Associate Professor at the University of Houston that focuses on Women in the Civil Rights Movement, Desegregation of the South, and African American Women in Slavery and Freedom.

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Image - Amistad Image Archives | “Plantation to Ghetto Archives” 

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Image - Amistad Image Archives | “Plantation to Ghetto Archives” 

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https://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html This digital archives contains multiple images pertaining to the Jim Crow Era.

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https://www.raio.org/TKMFullText.pdf In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, a book about a childhood in the South during the Great Depression. During this time period Jim Crow laws are mentioned because Atticus Finch, is a lawyer for an African American man named Tom Robinson, who was convicted of a severe crime.

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The book is chronologically organized into five sections, each of which focuses on a different historical period in the story of Jim Crow: inventing, building, living, resisting, and dismantling.

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The book includes a variety of different materials such as documents, including songs, poems, letters, contemporary essays, government publications, and photographs. In addition, the collection also includes a short list of discussion questions and sample assignments.

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The term Jim Crow originates from performer Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice who danced in menstrual shows.

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During Reconstruction, both the North and South struggled with social relations and a series of Black Codes were passed in 1865 and 1866.

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Woodrow Wilson in 1912 was in support of segregation. Film, newspapers, and magazines in the early 20th century embraced racial superiority as a justification for Jim Crow laws.

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was created in 1909. One of the founders was W.E.B Du Bois who rejected the Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. They both had very different philosophies, definitions of freedom, etc.

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Ritterhouse utilizes oral histories, autobiographies, newspaper accounts, and even school yearbooks for their materials.

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The focus of the book is to examine how both Black and White children interacted, and consider how racist attitudes are formed.

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The Civil Rights era ended the Jim Crow laws, but racist attitudes did not end. The author then talks about the 1970s, and the hardships that Black children had to endure while attending the desegregated schools that were supposed to eliminate racism.

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Ritterhouse argues that White southerners created both physical and social distance between them and African Americans. Legal segregation was created because White southerners failed to control African Americans, and refused to follow the racial etiquette.

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Black middle and working-class children were taught by their parents to keep a distance from forming too intimate relationships with White children.

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They define racial etiquette as “the unwritten rules that governed day-to-day interactions across race line not only as a form of social control but also as a a script for the perfomative creation of culture and of ‘race’ itself”

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Children learned racial behaviors from their parents, but also from their interactions with other children. Interracial play was common in early childhood years. White children were left with ambiguity and confusion.

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In this book, the focus is on the system of mass incarceration that has disenfranchised millions of African Americans and Latinos. She provides the historical context and draws parallels between today and the periods of slavery, segregation, reconstruction, and civil rights movements.

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She traces patterns of oppression via “racial caste systems” which she defines as “stigmatized racial group locked into an inferior position by law and by custom.”

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Argues that that racial caste system in the United States depends on Black exceptionalism. She gives the example of how Rosa Parks was not the first person to refuse to give up her seat on a segregated bus.

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Alexander touches on the variety of different ways that African Americans were disenfranchised. For example, they were denied the right to vote through poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses and felon disenfranchisement laws, even though the fifteenth amendment specifically states that the right to vote shall not be denied.

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The author sees the new Jim Crow, to be the mass incarceration that affects people of color. She argues that in the old Jim Crow, blacks banded together in a society where they were not wanted. However, Black Americans now resent one another for going to jail.