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Nascita ERACLITO a Efeso, Anatolia, attuale Turchia (maggior pensatore presocratico) famoso per la teoria del divenire.

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Nasce in Italia PARMENIDE: il primo a parlare di ontologia (la teoria dell’ essere)

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ARISTOTELE Nasce a stagira (grecia), muore sull’isola di euboea (grecia)

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EPICURO nasce a Samo (Grecia) e muore ad Atene (fondatore dell’ epicureismo).

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viene fondato lo Stoicismo

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Fine della scuola Stoica Antica

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Fine scuola Stoica Media

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Fine scuola STOICA TARDA

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AGOSTINO D’IPPONA nascita e morte
Nasce a Tagaste (Africa, oggi Algeria) e muore a Ippona (Africa, oggi Algeria)

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SAN TOMMASO D’AQUINO nasce a Roccasecca (Lazio) e muore il 7 marzo a Fossanova (Latina)

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The Golden Bull was a law that established the procedure of the election of the Holy Roman Empire. He must be elected by seven elector princes.
Four princes: the King of Bohemia, the Count of Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, the Mangrove of Brandeburg
three archbishop: Mines, Trier, Cologne

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The Christian kingdom of Portugal headed a crusade against Morocco

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Discovery of the archipelago of Madeira

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Route to Cape Verde in comparison with the routes for Cape of Good Hope

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Portugals expeditions reached the coasts of Senegal.

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The Portuguese sail around the Cape of Good Hope

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Discovery of America
The continent was discovered by Christopher Columbus

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-Treaty of Tordesillas: the newly discovered lands got divided between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire, the lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile;

-Charles the VIII king of France wanted to reconquer the kingdom of Naples;

-Florence revolt led by Girolamo Savonarola.

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-Vasco da Gama reached India (via the Cape of Good Hope)
-Girolamo Savonarola was sent to the pyre and executed by the pope

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Battle of Fornovo sul Taro
The Anti-frances league (Milan and Venice) attacked Charles VIII

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Louis XII King of France conquered the Duchy of Milan

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Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci to the new world from Spain to South America

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Giuliano dalla Rovere was elected as Pope Julius II

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Mundus Novus was published. This book is made by Amerigo Vespucci’s letters written during his two voyages to the New World. It talks about his experience.

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-First World Map with the American continent;

-Cesare Borgia died ( Viana,Spain )

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King Charles V starts gaining territories in Northern Europe and becomes the Duke of Netherlands. He bought his power over these territories and eventually became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

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- Treaty of Noyon established the partition of the Italian territories between France and Spain

-Ferdinand of Aragon died ( Madrigalejo, Spain )

- Charles became the Spanish king

- Suleiman the Magnificent conquered Algiers

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publication of the 95 Theses that were nailed on the cathedral of Wittenberg

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Charles becomes Emperor to the Holy Roman Imperor as Charles V

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-Stabiliziation of the sola fide principle for Protestantism
-Translation of the Bible in German by Martin Luther

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- Diet of Worms
- Charles is crowned King of Germany
- Suleiman the magnificent conquered Belgrade
- A conflict between the Empire and France broke out.

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First circumnavigation of the globe by Ferdinand Magellan

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King Francis I of France was defeated in Pavia by Charles V

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Treaty of Madrid:
is a treaty between the Habsburg emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) and Francis I, king of France.
In the treaty, the king of France ceded his lands in Italy, Flanders, Artois, and Tournai as well as parts of France to Charles V.

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Charles V orders the sacking of Rome to an army of mercenaries, called Landsknecht, because he felt threatened by the Pope’s alliance with France

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Ulrich Zwingli, the leader of the reformation in Switzerland, proclaims the Swiss reformation laws and founds the "reformed Church" based on the Lutheran model. This order rejects the  Eucharistic doctrine

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Suleiman the magnificent besieged Vienna

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The pope crowned Charles V as both the King of Italy and the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

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Battle of Kappel: the catholic Swiss cantons defeat Zwingli

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~Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (also known as Jesuits, who believed in the saving power of Jesus’ sacrifice and contributed to Catholic education in universities)
~Act of Supremacy: In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England

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Francesco Sforza II died, France claimed the Duchy of Milan

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The king of France Henry IV  launched military action in Savoy against Charles Emmanuel I, the duke of Savoy.

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The Jesuits were officially recognised as a religious order

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Giniva became a City- church ruled by Calvin and based on religious primacy

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The Congregation of the Holy Office was founded by Pope Paul III.

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Treaty of Crépy: The emperor Charles V renounced his claim to the Duchy of Burgundy; and the king of France,
Francis I renounced his claim to the Duchy Naples

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Council of Trent began, it was organised by Pope Paul III. The counter reformation begins

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Ivan IV started his leadership in Russian state

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The Book of Common Prayers (the book of Anglican Church) had been introduced

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Peace of Augsburg which established ending the conflict between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in Germany

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Charles V abdicated

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Elizabeth tudor was crowned

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Council of trent ended

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It was imposed the Profesio fidei by Pius I to the Bishop and perish priests.

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St. Bartholomew’s day massacre in Paris

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The Jesuit Matteo Ricci landed in Macau China

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Elizabeth was executed

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-The inquisition was empowered and turned into the Sacred Roman Inquisition that later became the Holy Office.

-The Armada of Philip II is defeated by the English fleet

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Nascita e morte di Hobbes, filosofo inglese esponente del Giuspositivismo. Nasce a Wesport e muore a Hardwick Wall (Inghilterra)

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Edict of Nantes

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Death of Giordano Bruno
( he was burned alive )

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The year of the murder of Henry IV

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The 30 years war started

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Denmark enters the war under the lead of its King Christian IV

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Ferdinand II of Habsburg, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,  issued the Edict of Restitution, which forced Protestants to return to the Roman Catholic Church all the property sized since 1552.

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Adolphus invaded northern Germany

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Gustav Adolphus king of Sweden and Albrecht von Wallestein a soldier and politician died in 1634

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Galileo was forced to reject the Copernican theory

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France entered the war on Protestant side

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England fell into a civil war when Charles I refused to give up absolute power and the Parliament prevailed.

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The Parliament rebelled against the attempt of Mazarin to increase the tax burden to fund the war and started a revolt that involved the entire population.

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The 30 years war ends with the treaty of Westphalia

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The conflict between french and spanish is stopped thanks to the Treathy of the Pyrenees

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When Cromwell died the Parliamenr accepted the return of monarchy with Charles II

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The anti French coalition (League of Augsburg)succeeded in combating the Sun King.

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The Declaration of Rights was imposed to William of Orange

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War of the Spanish succession

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Louis XIV died

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Data di nascita e di morte di IMMANUEL KANT, nasce e muore in Germania a Königsberg

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We have some conflicts in Europe that even after the war of thirty years.

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Data di nascita e di morte di HENRI BERGSON. Nasce e muore in Francia a Parigi.

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Herman Minkowski: fisico, teoria spazio tempo
Nascita Aleksotase Vald, morte gottinga

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il 29 aprile nasce Kurt Gödel a Brno,Cechia
l 14 gennaio muore  a Princeton, Stati Uniti

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Data di nascita e di morte del fisico ALBERT EINSTEIN. Nato a Ulma (Germania) e morto a Princeton (Stati Uniti).

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Data di nascita CARLO ROVELLI, nato a Verona. È un fisico specializzato in fisica teorica, ancora in vita