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1930: Del Rio Independent School District v. Salvatierra

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1930: Del Rio Independent School District v. Salvatierra

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In 1930, the Del Rio ISD v. Salvatierra court case attempted to establish that the unequal segregation of Mexican American students was unlawful. Unfortunately, the parents advocating for desegregation were unsuccessful. This case continued to be cited as precedent in many other cases of its kind for years afterward.

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In 1931, Alvarez v. Lemon Grove, or "The Lemon Grove Incident" was the first court case to make racial segregation in schools unlawful. This came after the Lemon Grove school district attempted to build a school specifically for Mexican American students (to keep them apart from White students).

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This 1947 court case banned discrimination in schools against Mexican American students and families. It was the first case of its kind to cite the harm done to minority students by discriminatory practices which were common at the time.

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This landmark court decision outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The ruling had long-lasting effects, which continue to inform how school districts balance race among their students today. In my career, I have seen this play out as the closure of ENL programs in specific schools, sending English Language Learners to school in their own neighborhood schools regardless of whether there is a program in place to support them.

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This Act signed by President Johnson in 1964 made discrimination illegal in public places such as schools. It created a number of protected categories- namely race, color, national origin, sex, and religion.

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1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act

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1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act

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This 1965 Act was aimed at supporting struggling students, those still learning English, and students with disabilities. Many subsequent Acts listed herein were essentially extensions of ESEA.

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In 1968, the federal government began providing grants to school districts to develop bilingual education programs. These programs remain important today, when 22% of students in U.S. schools speak a language other than English. However, many schools today are still unable to create and sustain bilingual programs due to the cost and difficulty with recruiting teachers and staff.

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This 1972 legislation made it illegal for schools to discriminate on the basis of sex. Under Title IX, my formerly all women's college (Wells, which became co-ed in 2004) had to rush to create men's sports teams so that there would be a reasonable balance between the sexes.

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This 1974 court case mandated English language instruction for students who do not speak English as a first language. While the initial activism came out of the Chinese- American community, the case has positively affected students of immigrant families from all around the world.

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1974: Equal Educational Opportunities Act

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1974: Equal Educational Opportunities Act

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The Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 prohibited discrimination in public schools. The law applied not only to students, but to school faculty and staff as well.

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This act signed by President Clinton in 1994 requires public schools to give extra help and support to students deemed "educationally disadvantaged." This is the basis for most academic interventions offered in schools today.

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This misleadingly titled act required schools to give additional supports to students who were struggling. Unfortunately, this mandate came at the expense of school funding, since schools that were unable to make improvements were systematically defunded.