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picture  of the chromosomes  carrying the gene 

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picture  of the chromosomes  carrying the gene 

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one organization promoting the down syndrome

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one organization promoting the down syndrome

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The National down syndrome, a other way its called is NDSS, its to help the community  of down syndrome https://www.globaldownsyndrome.org/about-down-syndrome/resources/national-down-syndrome-organizations-2/

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There are four national Down syndrome organizations in the United States: Global Down Syndrome Foundation, National Down Syndrome Congress, National Down Syndrome Society, and Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action.

Global Down Syndrome Foundation

The Global Down Syndrome Foundation is a public non-profit 501(c)(3) dedicated to significantly improving the lives of people with Down syndrome through Research, Medical care, Education and Advocacy. Formally established in 2009, the Foundation's primary focus is to support the Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, the first academic home in the United States committed solely to research and medical care for people with Down syndrome. Since Down syndrome is the least-funded genetic condition in the United States, fundraising and government advocacy to correct the alarming disparity of national funding for people with Down syndrome is a major goal.

National Down Syndrome Congress

The National Down Syndrome Congress ("NDSC") provides information, advocacy and support for all aspects of the lives of individuals with Down syndrome. The organization was formed in 1973 and works to ensure equal rights and opportunities for people with Down syndrome, promotes education, provides public policy leadership, and encourages research. Every year, the NDSC organizes a national convention with approximately 2,500 to 3,000 attendees. The convention attracts nationally and internationally renowned Down syndrome experts and hundreds of families. A key focus of the NDSC is developing self-advocate leadership through their programs and their national awareness campaign "We're More Alike Than Different." NDSC has more than 250 affiliates, mostly comprised of local Down syndrome organizations.
To learn more about NDSC please visit http://www.ndsccenter.org
National Down Syndrome Society

Since 1979, the National Down Syndrome Society ("NDSS") has worked to promote the value, acceptance and inclusion of people with Down syndrome. NDSS has about 350 affiliates nationwide. The NDSS National Policy Center works with Congress and federal agencies to protect the rights of people with Down syndrome, and educates individuals to advocate on local, state and national levels. The largest NDSS public awareness campaign is My Great Story, which ignites a new way of thinking about people with Down syndrome by sharing stories written by and about them. The National Buddy Walk Program includes over 250 walks. NDSS envisions a world in which all people with Down syndrome have the opportunity to enhance their quality of life, realize their life aspirations, and become valued members of welcoming communities.
To learn more about NDSS please visit http://www.ndss.org/
Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action

Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action (DSAIA) is a national trade association composed of 70 affiliates mostly made up of local Down syndrome organizations from across the United States. DSAIA's purpose is to serve their affiliates through collaboration, resource sharing, and networking. Benefits of membership include access to a resource repository, education and training webinars, brokered discount programs and discounted registration at their annual conference. DSAIA's annual conference provides a valuable forum for local Down syndrome organizations to share programs and best practices with other local Down syndrome organizations.
To learn more about DSAIA please visit http://www.dsaia.org/ Please note there is an organization called the "National Association for Down Syndrome" and although it offers broad-based information, the organization offers support and advocacy specifically to those in the Chicago area. You can learn more about this organization under the "Local Down Syndrome Organizations - Illinois" section of this website.

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National Down Syndrome Organizations in the U.S.

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There are four national Down syndrome organizations in the United States: Global Down Syndrome Foundation, National Down Syndrome Congress, National Down Syndrome Society, and Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action. Global Down Syndrome Foundation The Global Down Syndrome Foundation is a public non-profit 501(c)(3) dedicated to significantly improving the lives of people with Down syndrome through Research, [...]

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I was going through this source it says they're studying this drug called  ELND005
its for down syndrome to improve with their memory. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/researchinfo/activities#:~:text=The%20NICHD%20has%20conducted%20and,disorder%2C%20and%20development%20of%20new

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Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an error in cell division that results in the presence of an additional copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) or additional chromosomal 21 material. Named after John Langdon Down, the first physician to describe the syndrome systematically, Down syndrome is the most frequent chromosomal cause of mild to moderate intellectual disability. It occurs in all ethnic and economic groups. People with the syndrome also are at a greater risk for many other conditions, such as congenital heart disease, hearing loss, leukemia, and dementia and memory loss similar to Alzheimer disease.

The NICHD has conducted and supported Down syndrome research since its founding, including development of animal models to help study the syndrome, examination of specific genes and gene groups that may play a role in the syndrome, understanding how maternal age plays a role in the disorder, and development of new methods of diagnosis prenatally and postnatally. Additional research activities are described below.

Institute Activities and Advances

The Institute's portfolio covers a broad range of research areas, including the causes, treatment, and prevention of Down syndrome.

New NIH Initiative: NICHD is pleased to be part of INCLUDE (INvestigation of Co-occurring conditions across the Lifespan to Understand Down syndromE), an NIH-wide initiative that launched in June 2018 in support of a Congressional directive in the fiscal year 2018 Omnibus Appropriations. The project aims to understand critical health and quality-of-life needs for individuals with Down syndrome, with the aim of yielding scientific discoveries to improve the health, well-being, and neurodevelopment of individuals with Down syndrome, as well as their risk and resilience common diseases that they share with individuals who do not have Down syndrome. INCLUDE will investigate conditions that affect individuals with Down syndrome and the general population, such as Alzheimer's disease/dementia, autism, cataracts, celiac disease, congenital heart disease, and diabetes.

Since 2011, the Institute has led the Down Syndrome Consortium, a public-private collaboration that provides a forum for promoting the Down Syndrome Directions: NIH Research Plan on Down Syndrome (2014) and fosters the exchange of information on biomedical and biobehavioral research on the syndrome. Consortium members, who represent public and private organizations, work to avoid duplication of research efforts and to inform the Down syndrome community of research advances. In addition to the NICHD, the Consortium includes the following organizations (in alphabetical order):

In 2013, the Consortium launched its Down syndrome registry, DS-Connect®, which facilitates contacts and information sharing among people with Down syndrome and their family members, researchers, and parent and support groups safely and confidentially. Creation of this registry was one of the principal recommendations of the Down Syndrome Research Plan.

Read the What is DS-Connect®: The Down Syndrome Registry? text alternative.

Read the Creating an Account in DS-Connect®: The Down Syndrome Registry text alternative.

The Institute has also played a lead role in the trans-NIH Working Group on Down Syndrome, which developed the Research Plan, and aims to coordinate research activities across the NIH.

Some of the Institute's work related to Down syndrome is supported through its Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch (IDDB). A key focus for the IDDB is exploring treatments for Down syndrome, including agents that improve intellectual development and cognitive performance.

The Repository for Mouse Models for Cytogenetic Disorders , a distribution center supported by the NICHD, provides mice for research on Down syndrome and other disorders. Because of similarities between certain mouse and human chromosomes, mouse models have allowed significant advances in understanding potential treatments for Down syndrome. For example, researchers currently are studying the use of the drug memantine, which supports cognition in mice and is approved for treating Alzheimer's dementia in humans, to improve the cognitive abilities of young adults with Down syndrome.

Improvements in learning in a Down syndrome animal model

Using a mouse model for Down syndrome, NICHD researchers showed that by administering neuroprotective peptides (small protein sub units) to mice before birth, they perform better on memory and learning tasks as adults. The peptides, NAP and SAL, are sub units of two proteins that are important in brain development because they enhance the ability of brain cells to receive and transmit signals, and enable them to survive. The mice in the study had an extra copy of mouse chromosome 16, which has counterparts to 55% of the genes on human chromosome 21. Mice with the extra chromosomal material that were treated with NAP and SAL in the womb learned as well as mice that did not have the extra chromosome and significantly faster than mice with the extra chromosome that were treated with saline solution (placebo).

In an earlier study, NICHD researchers showed that when mice with the extra copy of chromosome 16 were treated with NAP and SAL in the womb, they achieved developmental milestones earlier than did untreated mice. In this earlier study, the researchers examined developmental milestones for sensory, motor skill, and muscle tone in the first three weeks of life. Together these study findings show that NAP and SAL treatments improve both physical development and learning ability in a mouse model for Down syndrome.

Other research focuses on the causes and pathophysiology of Down syndrome. The IDDB supports a broad range of activities in this area, including explorations of the signaling pathways, metabolic processes, and mitochondrial functions that affect the development of people with Down syndrome.

Some other recent scientific advances related to Down syndrome include:

An assessment of gastrointestinal anomalies by sex, race, and ethnicity (PMID: 19021635)

Identification of modifier genes located on other chromosomes that affect variability in Down syndrome features

Evidence from animal models of genes involved in craniofacial and brain development (PMID: 19764029) (PMID: 20639873) (PMID: 17431903)

Identification of specific genes that are candidates for the features of Down syndrome (PMID: 12466854)

Assessment of the benefits of early intervention programs (PMID: 21532932)

Other organizational units also support or conduct research related to Down syndrome. For example:

The NICHD Developmental Biology and Structural Variation Branch examines areas relevant to normal and abnormal development, such as the processes, patterns, and genetics of organ and central nervous system development. The Branch also supports research on epigenetic and genomic regulation of gene expression, and on developmental neurobiology.

The Institute's Section on Gamete Development, which is part of the Division of Intramural Research (DIR), researches meiosis (a cellular process of reduction and division, pronounced mahy-OH-sis) to understand the mechanisms that lead to chromosome missegregation, which can cause Down syndrome and other disorders.

In addition, the DIR's Section on Implantation and Oocyte Physiology validates model organisms for their use in studying chromosomal abnormalities in human embryos and identifying new tests to detect chromosomal abnormalities in early embryos.

Research in Down syndrome has the potential to improve the clinical care and quality of life for individuals with Down syndrome and their families. Areas of current and future research activity include the development of clinical trials for testing medical interventions and therapeutics in those with Down syndrome, the development and characterization of mouse models for understanding Down syndrome and testing the effectiveness of various medications, and the exploration of a variety of health systems' research questions.

For example:

Recent studies explore the neurodevelopmental impact of congenital heart defects on people with Down syndrome.

Based on recent findings, scientists believe that short chromosome 21 telomere length may become a biomarker for early stages of dementia in people with Down syndrome, which currently can be difficult to identify.

Researchers are assessing ways to improve communication between parents and children with Down syndrome.

One study is testing a portable electronic device designed to motivate increased physical activity among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) and to monitor their progress.

Studies focused on reducing an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the nervous system have provided some evidence of lasting effects.

Research on choline supplementation during pregnancy has provided evidence of lasting effects on memory and cognition.

Researchers are exploring ways to predict obstructive sleep apnea in people with Down syndrome.

Future research related to health care disparities and Down syndrome focuses on ways to increase access to medical care and to increase life expectancy, particularly among underrepresented minorities. Another issue that needs to be addressed is the dearth of adult health care providers with expertise to provide appropriate medical care for those with Down syndrome who are now adults. To identify ways to ease the transition between adolescent care for those with Down syndrome and adult lifestyles, the following questions should be considered:

What are the factors that facilitate and influence successful transition?

What are the roles of youth and families in the transition process?

What are the skills and knowledge they need?

What are the indicators of a successful system for transition?

Other Activities and Advances

To achieve its goals related to Down syndrome research, the NICHD supports and participates in a variety of other activities, including NIH-wide efforts. Some of these are listed below.

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Down Syndrome: Research Activities and Scientific Advances

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Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an error in cell division that results in the presence of an additional copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) or additional chromosomal 21 material. Named after John Langdon Down, the first physician to describe the syndrome systematically, Down syndrome is the most frequent chromosomal cause of mild to moderate intellectual disability.

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The symptoms of down's syndrome is a short neck and small eyes, and body change.
link:https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome

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Some down's syndrome is not caused by Inheritance and if it is, it has a different name called Trisomy https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/down-syndrome/

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To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.

Description

Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that is associated with intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy. All affected individuals experience cognitive delays, but the intellectual disability is usually mild to moderate.

People with Down syndrome often have a characteristic facial appearance that includes a flattened appearance to the face, outside corners of the eyes that point upward ( upslanting palpebral fissures), small ears, a short neck, and a tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth. Affected individuals may have a variety of birth defects. Many people with Down syndrome have small hands and feet and a single crease across the palms of the hands. About half of all affected children are born with a heart defect. Digestive abnormalities, such as a blockage of the intestine, are less common.

Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk of developing several medical conditions. These include gastroesophageal reflux, which is a backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, and celiac disease, which is an intolerance of a wheat protein called gluten. About 15 percent of people with Down syndrome have an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ in the lower neck that produces hormones. Individuals with Down syndrome also have an increased risk of hearing and vision problems. Additionally, a small percentage of children with Down syndrome develop cancer of blood-forming cells ( leukemia).

Delayed development and behavioral problems are often reported in children with Down syndrome. Affected individuals can have growth problems and their speech and language develop later and more slowly than in children without Down syndrome. Additionally, speech may be difficult to understand in individuals with Down syndrome. Behavioral issues can include attention problems, obsessive/compulsive behavior, and stubbornness or tantrums. A small percentage of people with Down syndrome are also diagnosed with developmental conditions called autism spectrum disorders, which affect communication and social interaction.

People with Down syndrome often experience a gradual decline in thinking ability (cognition) as they age, usually starting around age 50. Down syndrome is also associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease, a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. Approximately half of adults with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer disease. Although Alzheimer disease is usually a disorder that occurs in older adults, people with Down syndrome commonly develop this condition earlier, in their fifties or sixties.

Frequency

Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in 700 newborns. About 5,300 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States each year, and approximately 200,000 people in this country have the condition. Although women of any age can have a child with Down syndrome, the chance of having a child with this condition increases as a woman gets older.

Causes

Most cases of Down syndrome result from trisomy 21, which means each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.

Less commonly, Down syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 21 becomes attached ( translocated) to another chromosome during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) in a parent or very early in fetal development. Affected people have two normal copies of chromosome 21 plus extra material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome, resulting in three copies of genetic material from chromosome 21. Affected individuals with this genetic change are said to have translocation Down syndrome.

A very small percentage of people with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21 in only some of the body's cells. In these people, the condition is called mosaic Down syndrome.

Researchers believe that having extra copies of genes on chromosome 21 disrupts the course of normal development, causing the characteristic features of Down syndrome and the increased risk of health problems associated with this condition.

Inheritance

Most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited. When the condition is caused by trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells in a parent. The abnormality usually occurs in egg cells, but it occasionally occurs in sperm cells. An error in cell division called nondisjunction results in a reproductive cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of chromosome 21. If one of these atypical reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have an extra chromosome 21 in each of the body's cells.

People with translocation Down syndrome can inherit the condition from an unaffected parent. The parent carries a rearrangement of genetic material between chromosome 21 and another chromosome. This rearrangement is called a balanced translocation. No genetic material is gained or lost in a balanced translocation, so these chromosomal changes usually do not cause any health problems. However, as this translocation is passed to the next generation, it can become unbalanced. People who inherit an unbalanced translocation involving chromosome 21 may have extra genetic material from chromosome 21, which causes Down syndrome.

Like trisomy 21, mosaic Down syndrome is not inherited. It occurs as a random event during cell division early in fetal development. As a result, some of the body's cells have the usual two copies of chromosome 21, and other cells have three copies of this chromosome.

Other Names for This Condition

47,XX,+21

47,XY,+21

Down's syndrome

trisomy 21

trisomy G

Additional Information & Resources

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

References

Antonarakis SE, Lyle R, Dermitzakis ET, Reymond A, Deutsch S. Chromosome 21 and down syndrome: from genomics to pathophysiology. Nat Rev Genet. 2004 Oct;5(10):725-38. Review. Citation on PubMed

Capone G, Goyal P, Ares W, Lannigan E. Neurobehavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006 Aug 15;142C(3):158-72. Review. Citation on PubMed

Carter JC, Capone GT, Gray RM, Cox CS, Kaufmann WE. Autistic-spectrum disorders in Down syndrome: further delineation and distinction from other behavioral abnormalities. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Jan 5;144B(1):87-94. Citation on PubMed

Chapman RS, Hesketh LJ. Behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6(2):84-95. Review. Citation on PubMed

Cohen WI. Current dilemmas in Down syndrome clinical care: celiac disease, thyroid disorders, and atlanto-axial instability. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006 Aug 15;142C(3):141-8. Review. Citation on PubMed

de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimates of the live births, natural losses, and elective terminations with Down syndrome in the United States. Am J Med Genet A. 2015 Apr;167A(4):756-67. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37001. Citation on PubMed

de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimation of the number of people with Down syndrome in the United States. Genet Med. 2017 Apr;19(4):439-447. doi: 10.1038/gim.2016.127. Epub 2016 Sep 8. Citation on PubMed

Kumin L. Speech intelligibility and childhood verbal apraxia in children with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2006 Jul;10(1):10-22. Citation on PubMed

Lott IT, Head E. Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome: factors in pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Mar;26(3):383-9. Review. Citation on PubMed

Lubec G, Engidawork E. The brain in Down syndrome (TRISOMY 21). J Neurol. 2002 Oct;249(10):1347-56. Review. Citation on PubMed

Roizen NJ, Patterson D. Down's syndrome. Lancet. 2003 Apr 12;361(9365):1281-9. Review. Citation on PubMed

Shapiro BL. Down syndrome and associated congenital malformations. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2003;(67):207-14. Review. Citation on PubMed

Sherman SL, Allen EG, Bean LH, Freeman SB. Epidemiology of Down syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(3):221-7. Review. Citation on PubMed

Steingass KJ, Chicoine B, McGuire D, Roizen NJ. Developmental disabilities grown up: Down syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011 Sep;32(7):548-58. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822182e0. Review. Citation on PubMed

Zigman WB, Lott IT. Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: neurobiology and risk. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(3):237-46. Review. Citation on PubMed

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To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that is associated with intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy. All affected individuals experience cognitive delays, but the intellectual disability is usually mild to moderate.

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There's actually no treatment for this but theres Therapy for people who have down's syndrome
this link helped me to find some  information https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/treatments

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What are common treatments for Down syndrome?

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Treatments are based on each individual’s physical and intellectual needs, as well as his or her personal strengths and limitations.

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How many people  does this disorder affect

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How many people  does this disorder affect

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In this website that I found https://www.un.org/en/observances/down-syndrome-day#:~:text=Background,born%20with%20this%20chromosome%20disorder. it says around 1,100 around the world it only appears when you're a new born.

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Down's syndrome