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Tuberculosis can be fatal without receiving precise care. The two conditions linked to Tuberculosis are latent TB infection and TB disease. The bacteria are present in the body but remain dormant when latent TB is present. The diagnosis changes to TB disease when these bacteria start to act and multiply while the immune system is unable to destroy them.

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The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the origin of tuberculosis, an airborne bacterial infection that mainly strikes the lungs but can also affect other organs and tissues.

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Treatment options exist for both active and latent TB infections. Isoniazid, rifapentine, and rifampin are the drugs used to treat latent TB infection. Depending on the patient, these treatment plans can be employed separately or in combination. These drugs endure between three and nine months. The TB disease treatment plans include a 6- to 9-month RIPE (Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) TB treatment as well as a 4- to 6-month Rifapentine-moxifloxacin TB treatment. Rarely drug-resistant TB occurs when the bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat it. Treating this type is complicated and should be managed by an expert in the disease.

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People infected with latent TB are asymptomatic, cannot transmit the TB bacteria to others, and have a normal chest x-ray. Some with latent TB may experience flu-like symptoms. TB disease is very contagious with symptoms including persistent coughing, chest pain, blood in the cough, fever, night sweats, no appetite, chills, weakness, and weight loss.

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To stop the disease from spreading, a variety of procedures might be taken. The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccine is one method of preventing tuberculosis. It is one of the most frequently used vaccinations in the world and is most effective in children. Early infection diagnosis and therapy initiation are the most efficient ways to stop the spread of tuberculosis. A TB skin test can help identify latent TB infections in people who are unaware of them, allowing you to start treatment to avoid developing the disease. Simple steps like proper hygiene, hand washing, avoiding tobacco use, and eating a nutritious diet will also help prevent TB from spreading.

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TB bacteria can infect anyone, however, some people are more susceptible. There is a higher risk for individuals who have been exposed to the TB bacterium but have not received treatment. People with compromised immune systems, HIV infection, the homeless, immigrants, illicit drug use, healthcare professionals, and children under the age of five are at greater risk of contracting tuberculosis as well.

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TB is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The bacteria can only be transmitted to others by people who have active TB disease. In the lungs, the bacteria can then start to colonize and multiply. Before the body's defense system has a chance to battle the TB germs, some people get sick with TB shortly after contracting the infection. Others may contract the disease years down the road if their immune system deteriorates for some other cause.