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The birth of American independence and the formation of a new nation. This period encompasses the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation, and culminates in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Key events include the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Treaty of Paris (1783), and the Constitutional Convention (1787).

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1789-1861: The Early Republic and Antebellum Period

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1789-1861: The Early Republic and Antebellum Period

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A time of rapid expansion and growing tensions. This era saw the establishment of political parties, westward expansion through the Louisiana Purchase, and increasing sectional conflicts over slavery. The Market Revolution and Industrial Revolution began transforming the American economy.

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The bloodiest conflict in American history and its aftermath. The Civil War resulted in over 600,000 deaths and the abolition of slavery. Reconstruction attempted to reintegrate the South and establish civil rights for freed slaves, though many of these efforts were ultimately undermined.

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An era of rapid industrialization, immigration, and economic growth. Characterized by the rise of powerful corporations, labor struggles, and social reform movements. The term 'Gilded Age' was coined by Mark Twain to describe the period's superficial glitter masking social problems.

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1900-1929: Progressive Era and Roaring Twenties

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1900-1929: Progressive Era and Roaring Twenties

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A period of reform followed by prosperity and cultural change. The Progressive Era brought political reforms and regulation of business practices, while the 1920s saw economic boom, cultural transformation, and social change, including women's suffrage.

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1929-1945: Great Depression and World War II

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1929-1945: Great Depression and World War II

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Economic crisis followed by global conflict. The Great Depression brought unprecedented hardship, addressed by FDR's New Deal programs. World War II ended the Depression, established America as a global superpower, and ushered in the atomic age.

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1945-1964: Post-War Boom and Early Cold War

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1945-1964: Post-War Boom and Early Cold War

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An era of prosperity, conformity, and international tension. The post-war economic boom led to suburban expansion and the baby boom, while the Cold War with the Soviet Union dominated foreign policy. The Civil Rights Movement gained momentum during this period.

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1964-1980: The Great Society and Cultural Revolution

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1964-1980: The Great Society and Cultural Revolution

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A time of social change and cultural upheaval. This period saw the expansion of civil rights, the Vietnam War and anti-war movement, the women's movement, and significant cultural changes. President Johnson's Great Society programs expanded the welfare state.

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1980-2001: Conservative Resurgence and End of Cold War

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1980-2001: Conservative Resurgence and End of Cold War

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The Reagan Revolution and triumph of market capitalism. This era saw the rise of conservatism, the end of the Cold War, economic deregulation, and the dawn of the digital age with the rise of personal computers and the internet.

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2001-Present: Digital Age and Global Challenges

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2001-Present: Digital Age and Global Challenges

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An era defined by terrorism, technological revolution, and social change. Beginning with 9/11, this period includes the War on Terror, the Great Recession, the election of the first African American president, the COVID-19 pandemic, and increasing political polarization. The rise of social media and smartphones has transformed daily life.