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Bell, D. J. (2020, December 22). Ultrasound Transducer. Radiopaedia Blog RSS. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ultrasound-transducer

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Crystals: Only one active element. The shape resembles a coin.
Image Shape: Fan or sector shaped
Beam Steering: Mechanical Steering
Beam Focusing: Fixed focal depth is known as conventional, mechanical, or fixed focusing.
Damaged PZT Crystal: The entire image is lost when the crystal malfunctions.

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Crystals: As many as 100 to 300. Width of each is 1/4 to 1/2 of the sound's wavelength.
Image Shape: Fan or sector-shaped
Beam Steering: Electronic steering process called phasing
Beam Focusing: Focused electronically.
Damaged PZT Crystal: Inconsistent or erratic beam steering and focusing.

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A transducer is any device that converts one form of energy into another. They have two functions: during transmission, electrical energy from the system is converted into sound. During reception, the reflected sound pulse is converted into electricity.

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An ultrasound transducer converts electrical energy into mechanical (sound) energy and back again, based on the piezoelectric effect. It is the hand-held part of the ultrasound machine that is responsible for the production and detection of ultrasound waves.

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1. Mechanical
2. Linear Phased Arrays
3. Annular Phased Arrays
4. Linear Sequential Arrays
5. Convex, Curved, or Curvilinear Arrays
6. Vector Arrays

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Phased Array always means "adjustable" or "multi-focus."

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This transducer is named after the piezoelectric crystal arrangement which is called phased array and it is the most commonly used crystal.

Phased Array transducer has a small footprint and low frequency (its central frequency is 2Mhz – 7.5Mhz).

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Whenever the crystal in any single crystal transducer breaks, the entire image is lost.

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Crystals: Disc-like and it comprises of multiple ring-shaped elements with a common center.
Image Shape: Fan or sector-shaped
Beam Steering: Mechanical steering
Beam Focusing: multiple transmit focal zones create each scan line of the image.
Damaged PZT Crystal: Only a portion of the image is lost. Appears as a horizontal band of dropout at a particular depth.

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Edelman, S. K. (2012). Understanding Ultrasound Physics (Fourth). ESP Ultrasound.

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Crystals: 120 to 250 rectangular-shaped strips of piezoelectric material. Each crystal is about 1 wavelength in width. The array is large, up to 10 cm long.
Image Shape: Rectangular shape
Beam Steering: A small group of crystals are fired simultaneously to create each sound beam.
Beam Focusing: Electronic Transmit focusing
Damaged PZT Crystal: Only the portion of the image extending directly below the damaged element is affected.

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Crystals: 120 to 250 rectangular shaped strips of piezoelectric material. Each crystal is 1 wavelength in width
Image Shape: Blunted sector-shaped
Beam Steering: Some, but not all, of the crystals are fired simultaneously to create each sound beam.
Beam Focusing: Electronic focusing or dynamic receive focusing.
Damaged PZT Crystal: Only the portion of the image directly below the damaged element is affected.

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Crystals: 120 to 250 rectangular-shaped strips arranged side by side in a line.
Image Shape: Trapezoidal images
Beam Steering: Electronic Steering
Beam Focusing: Electronic Focusing
Damaged PZT Crystal: N/A

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Convex, Curved, or Curvilinear Transducer

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Moore, A. (2022, April 28). Ultrasound Transducer Types and How to Select the Right Transducer. LBN Medical. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://lbnmedical.com/ultrasound-transducer-types/