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How are former colonies portrayed in press releases about international aid commitments? 

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How are former colonies portrayed in press releases about international aid commitments? 

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data: I would look at the press releases from news sources and organisations like the IMF and UN about aid commitments and the projects to see if I can identify some linguistic similarities.

Hypothesis: former colonies will be described negatively.

Positive:

-success

-effective

-general vibe

Neutral:

Negative:

-dependency

-crisis

-potentially xenophobic terms

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Question: How was NATO portrayed in social media circles in the lead up to and immediate aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine?

Hypothesis: hypothesis is that NATO will be portrayed in a positive light (as in people either support it or acknowledge it as more effective) after the start of the Ukraine War begins (As war started, it makes NATO (which is a self defence pact between states) more attractive or useful).

Another Hypothesis that I want to sustain is that the US in particular will be referenced more so in relation to positive support for NATO (As their claims the war would happen became true).

Coding Scheme:

Supportive of NATO - Tweet presents NATO in a positive light (could be it being declared as strong, effective or necessary) or defends NATO from attacks (in debate).

Negative of NATO - Attacking Nato in any way (stating it is weak, it is not effective, it doesn't have a concrete goal (since fall of USSR) or repeating and supporting Kremlin rhetoric of it antagonising Russia).

Mixed/Neutral tone - No discernible message or tone put forth.

Tweets mentioning US - Any tweets that in any way refer to the US (politically) when stating a position on NATO (positive or negative).

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How has the portrayal of Syrian refugees in 2015/16 differed from the description of Ukrainian refugees in 2022 in German media?

Hypothesis: Syrian refugees were described with more negatively connoted terms than Ukrainian refugees.

→ deductive analysis, requiring additional interpretation of German words

→ dataset: Newspaper headlines in the three biggest German newspapers (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ, more liberal), Bild (more right wing), Zeit (more left wing)) in 2015/16 vs 2022

→ Positive:

Terms of Welcoming, solidarity, helping nature

Positive impacts on labour market

→ Negative:

Potentially xenophobic/islamophobic/racialised terms

Concerns about threats to security, culture, identity

Calling it  "refugee conflict/problem/crisis "

In both cases, subcategories would be added to analyse possibly changes over time within the different time and dataframes.

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How has Liz Truss resignation been portrayed in European Media?

Hyphothesis: Left-wing media are more likely to negatively describe Liz Truss’ resignation.

Images and texts from Le Monde, Le Figaro, die Welt, die Tageszeitung.

Code : Inductively from news’ article

Image

Positive :

-looking at the camera

-in her job

Negative :

-looking down

Tone :

-positive : well-dressed, confident

-negative : badly prepared, bad posture

Text: frequency of words

'Defeat'; 'Lost'; 'Failed'

Tone: negative adjective on her personality.

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How is the United Kingdom’s mainstream news coverage of victims of femicide discursively constructed by themes of race?

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How is the United Kingdom’s mainstream news coverage of victims of femicide discursively constructed by themes of race?

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hypothesis: white women portrayed more sympathetically and innocently, photo framing, implicit bias in writing? victim blaming more prominent towards non-white women?

take news stories from the past ten years in the UK

what kind of images does the media choose to use to depict the victim? what are they doing in the photo? how are they dressed? how would this inform reader/viewer opinion?

stories taken from mainstream and politically neutral (or as neutral as possible) news sources

characterisation - physical attributes, conventionally attractive? use of clothing and makeup? are they presented as professional? ‘innocent’?

proximity - position within the photo

race, age, indicative culture etc

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How have offenders of traffic accidents in China been portrayed in Chinese traffic polices' reports in the past decade?

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How have offenders of traffic accidents in China been portrayed in Chinese traffic polices' reports in the past decade?

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Hypothesis:

1.Compared to reports on traffic accidents committed by males, words in reports on traffic accidents committed by females are more likely to refer to the offenders’ gender.

2.Compared to reports on traffic accidents committed by males, images in reports on traffic accidents committed by females are more likely to focus on offender.

(Gender here indicates biological gender)

Sample:

The past ten years (2012-2022)

Reports in Chinese traffic polices’ Weibo official accounts

Unit of Analysis: Full reports (words and photographs)

Coding(Deductive):

1. Gender of the offenders (binary variable: 1 for female, 0 for male)

2. Whether the reports mention the offenders’ gender for more than one time? (1 for True, 0 for False)

3.
3.1 Whether the photographs of accidents in the reports focus on the accident itself (like the damaged car) or the offender?
3.2 And if it focuses on the latter one, what is the offender's gender(biological)? (binary variable: 1 for female, 0 for male)

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Research Question: How has the European Union’s energy policy/market been portrayed by the Russian States official communications since the invasion of Ukraine?
Task 3:
Positive:

-       Good trade partners

-       Own energy resource provisions

Negative:

-       Lack of independence

-       Lack of unity between member states

-       Bad leadership

The above themes have been thought of deductively however due to the nature of the research question, it would be necessary to go through the data and analyse the documents and see which themes have emerged regarding European energy policy. Based on the sentiment positive and negative, further sub categories would be coded to understand the themes which the Russian State aims to push forward and portray to the EU. The themes in this example are be mutually exclusive, however greater context needs to be considered.

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How male and female politicians have been portrayed in the BBC news in the last decade?

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How male and female politicians have been portrayed in the BBC news in the last decade?

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Hypothesis:
Male politicians are more likely to be described by more positive adjectives while female politicians are more likely to be described by more negative adjectives.

Data sample:
All the politic-related news on BBC in the last ten years. And will choose them randomly by using R studio.

The coding scheme might be deductive. But it's still worth looking through news to see what adjectives have emerged about male and female politicians.
Coding scheme(deductive)
Positive:

-       Rational

-       Calm

-       Intelligent

-       Reliable

Neutral

Negative:

-       Emotional

-       Egoistic

-       Stubborn

-       Passive

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How does the portrayal of Ukrainian refugees during the Ukrainian refugees crisis, differ from the portrayal of Syrian refugees during the Syrian refugee crisis?

I would conduct a content analysis of BBC news images for articles related to the Syrian refugee crisis, and Ukrainian refugee crisis respectively.

I would choose BBC because it is politically neutral, and a significant provider of news for the UK. This would increase the validity and reliability of my results – by eliminating any political bias in the range of content I analyse.

Coding scheme (deductive)

-        In the warzone or not

-        Gender (male/female)

-        Adult or Children

-        State of vulnerability

-        Emotion (happiness/sadness)

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Question:how were Chinese women portrayed by Chinese social media since the birth rate fell and two-children policy was implemented in 2015? 

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Question:how were Chinese women portrayed by Chinese social media since the birth rate fell and two-children policy was implemented in 2015? 

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Hypothesis: Chinese social media are more likely to negatively comment on Chinese women in birth-rate related topic discussion after the rate fell.

Coding scheme(deductive):

Sample: choosing texts from relevant topic discussion(about the birth rate, two-children policy discussion, bride price, employment and attitudes toward marriage) on Weibo, the red book and ticktock from 2015

Positive:
-more cautiously give birth to a child,
-thoughtful,
-more responsible,
-rational
Negative:
-lack a sense of social responsibility
-don't comply with traditional culture
-selfish
Neutral:
-they just delay childbirth

Variable: comment(negative, neutral and positive) on women

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How have the narratives contained within the British media surrounding Russian influence in the Sahel changed with the Russian invasion of Ukraine?

Hypothesis: the narratives surrounding Russian influence in the Sahel became more negative and frequent post-invasion of Ukraine.

My sample would consist of cartoons, opinion pieces, and articles contained within the broadsheets either side of 24th February 2022.  Such papers include The Times, Financial Times, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, and The Sunday Times.  I would stick to the broadsheets due to their reputation for more serious, intellectual journalism but this could certainly be expanded to include wider newspapers including the tabloids if the initial sample size proved too small.

This coding scheme was created inductively.  It would feature positive and negative categories looking for the tones of articles speaking of Russian nationals such as prominent oligarchs.  Moreover, it will look at the imagery surrounding Putin, the Russian ruling elite, and Russia as a nation, directly comparing cartoons and photographs included in articles from pre and post-invasion.  Moreover, to research the hypothesis, I propose looking for key related words and the frequency of their employment in the media both prior to the Russian invasion and in the months following.  For example, if we track the use of words such as ‘pariah’, ‘barbaric’, ‘unprovoked invasion’, and ‘Russian aggression’ we can compare their employment pre and post-24th February and will likely find support for the hypothesis.

Building on this foundation, I would then search for the number of articles in the above media related to the Sahel prior to and post-invasion.  Before repeating the process regarding certain key words.