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Sudanese people often use a wide variety of herbal medications, including neem (Azadirachta indica), which is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is used to treat skin infections, fever, jaundice and enhance the immune system (Elshafie & Alsharif, 2020). Some of the other important medicinal plants in Sudan include acacia (with anti-inflammatory effects)(Ibrahim & Ali, 2019), baobab (high in vitamin C)(Mohamed et al., 2021), hibiscus sensitivum or rapinyea (popular for managing blood pressure, especially in West Nile)(Hassan et al., 2020), and garlic (known for its cardiovascular benefits)(Saeed et al., 2019). In addition to herbal remedies, hijama (cupping therapy) is used to detoxify and restore balance (Hassan, 2020). The zar ceremony exorcises evil spirits causing illness and promotes indigenous plants for health improvement in Sudan(Ahmed et al., 2018).

Elshafie, H. S., & Alsharif, A. S. (2020). The medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica): A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 257, 112942.

Ibrahim, F., & Ali, N. (2019). Medicinal plants of Sudan: Traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Phytotherapy Research, 33(8), 2163-2179.

Mohamed, A., Abdelrahim, H., & Elhadi, M. (2021). Nutritional and medicinal properties of baobab (Adansonia digitata): A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 268, 113609.

Hassan, M., Ali, S., & Elamin, M. (2020). The health benefits of hibiscus tea: A review. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 8(2), 20-24.

Saeed, M., Ali, N., & Hussain, S. (2019). Garlic: A review of its health benefits and therapeutic properties. Journal of Nutritional Science, 8, e1.

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Exploring the Culinary Heritage of Sudan

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Exploring the Culinary Heritage of Sudan

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In Sudan, one can find a variety of delicious dishes. A popular national dish is Ful Medames, a fava bean stew that is typically served with flatbreads such as Kisra or Gurasa (Mariod et al., 2023). Mullah is a hearty meat stew often enjoyed with Kisra (Karar & Kuhnert, 2017). Other popular dishes include Tamayya (chickpea fritters), Asseeda (porridge), and Kajaik, which is a fish stew as mentioned by Salem et al., 2011. Sudanese cuisine incorporates various spices, with cumin being the most commonly used. Meals are generally served communally on a large tray called seniyya, highlighting the importance of hospitality (Khalid et al., 2012). Traditional beverages in Sudan include Karkade (hibiscus tea) and Abre (organic juice).

Karar, M. G. E., & Kuhnert, N. (2017). Herbal drugs from Sudan: Traditional uses and phytoconstituents. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 83-103.

Khalid, H., Abdalla, W. E., Abdelgadir, H., Opatz, T., & Efferth, T. (2012). Gems from traditional north-African medicine: Medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 2(3), 92-103.

Mariod, A., Tahir, H. E., & Agab, M. A. (2023). History of traditional medicine practices in Sudan. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 4(1), 31-36.

Salem, M. M., Davidowski, S. D., Sayed, K. A., & Eisa, M. M. (2011). In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(4), 294-298.

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Unity in Harmony: The Soul of Sudanese Music

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Unity in Harmony: The Soul of Sudanese Music

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Traditional music and dances of Sudan reflect the diversity of its inhabitants: African, Arab as well Islamic. The music of the Nuba people, with specific and intricate rhythms and call-and-response patterns are especially striking (Malik, 2019). Another style popular among the Shaigiya and Ja'alin ethnic groups in northern Sudan is the Merdoum, which includes a tanbura (a six-stringed lyre) as part of its ensemble(El-Nour, 2022). The Hadendoa people of eastern Sudan often perform sword dances featuring specific tunes made on the rababa, a spike fiddle (Hassan 2020). In Darfur, the Fur people's traditional dances often incorporate animal movements and are performed during harvest celebrations (Ahmed, 2021).

Ahmed, F. (2021). Cultural expressions of Darfur: A study of traditional dances. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 33(2), 156-170.

El-Nour, A. (2022). The role of Merdoum in preserving Sudanese musical heritage. Ethnomusicology Forum, 31(1), 45-62.

Hassan, M. (2020). The Hadendoa's sword dance: Tradition and identity in eastern Sudan. African Arts, 53(3), 24-35.

Malik, S. (2019). Rhythms of resistance: Nuba music in contemporary Sudan. Music and Politics, 13(2), 78-95.

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Cultural Tapestry: The Role of Language and Dress in Sudanese Identity

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Cultural Tapestry: The Role of Language and Dress in Sudanese Identity

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In Sudan, Arabic is the most spoken language, alongside numerous indigenous languages such as Nubian, Beja, Fur, and Zaghawa, serving as a unifying lingua franca among diverse ethnic groups. Language is essential for expressing culture and identity, enriching Sudanese traditions with over 70 spoken languages, each with unique proverbs and stories. (Mamdani, 2009). Traditional garments, such as the toub for women—a long, flowing piece of fabric adorned with intricate patterns—and the thobe for men, a loose-fitting robe, symbolize cultural identity and social status while being well-suited for the climatic conditions (Abdel-Moneim, 2018). Together, language and dress not only showcase the artistry of Sudanese culture but also foster unity amidst diversity, reflecting the shared heritage of its people (Bashir, 2016).

Mamdani, M. (2009). Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror. Pantheon Books.

Abdel-Moneim, A. (2018). "Traditional Clothing and Cultural Identity in Sudan." African Cultural Review.

Bashir, A. (2016). "Language Diversity and Cultural Identity in Sudan." Journal of African Studies.

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Empowering Sudanese Health Through Inclusion

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Empowering Sudanese Health Through Inclusion

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The health of Sudanese refugees in Australia is closely tied to social inclusion and non-discrimination. An inclusive network promotes mental health by reducing isolation, creating a sense of support and community, and reducing anxiety and depression due to displacement.(World Health Organization [WHO], 2020) Building a strong social network is crucial for Sudanese refugees to manage chronic health issues like diabetes and hypertension.(Ziersch et al., 2020). Discrimination and social exclusion are the main factors that block essential health needs, leading to unmet care needs due to poor preventive services.(Alzahrani et al., 2021). Supporting refugees in this way, we not only enable good public health towards social inclusion but also promote community well-being.

Alzahrani, S., Ziersch, A., & Munn, J. (2021). The impact of discrimination on healthcare access and health outcomes: A review. Health Equity, 5(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0058

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Social inclusion and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int

Ziersch, A., Baum, F., & MacDougall, C. (2020). Social networks and health among refugees: Insights and implications. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(4), 567-587. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feb042

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Cultural competence is essential in providing patient-centered care in my nursing journey. I will focus on implementing Standard 1.3 of the Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice framework, which emphasizes respecting and addressing patients' diverse health beliefs, languages, cultures, and traditions, including traditional medicine (Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice, 2023).

Understanding the medical anthropology and health beliefs of refugee patients is crucial. "Understanding the Halal diet and preference for kosher food among Sudanese Muslims informs supportive health environments. Traditional herbal remedies like Al Neem and reliance on family and community significantly influence holistic care delivery within Sudanese culture."

Additionally, standards 1.1, 1.2, and 1.4 will improve my self-awareness and collaboration with other professionals, leading to better health outcomes through compassionate care.

Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice. (2023). Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds competency standards framework for clinicians

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Sudanese refugees residing in Australia encounter notable health challenges, notably diabetes, which afflicts approximately 7.5% of Sudanese adults due to their consumption of high-carbohydrate diets and limited access to healthcare (International Diabetes Federation, 2019). Post-resettlement, many encounter difficulties in adapting to new dietary practices and encounter impediments to accessing healthcare services (Australian Government Department of Health, 2021). Furthermore, they frequently contend with nutritional deficiencies, particularly vitamin D deficiency, prevalent among women and children (Khan et al., 2020). The approach to treatment varies depending on age and severity, typically involving loading doses followed by maintenance (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2017). Culturally tailored dietary guidance and physical activity represent crucial components for enhancing health outcomes (Ziersch et al., 2020).

International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. Retrieved from https://diabetesatlas.org/

Australian Government Department of Health. (2021). Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Health: A guide for health professionals. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/

Khan, A., et al. (2020). Nutritional deficiencies in refugee populations: A review of the literature. Public Health Nutrition, 23(3), 455-463. doi:10.1017/S136898001900217X

National Health and Medical Research Council. (2017). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetes in Australia. Canberra: NHMRC. Retrieved from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/

Ziersch, A. M., et al. (2020). Culturally appropriate health promotion interventions for refugees and migrants: A systematic review. Health Promotion International, 35(2), 181-193. doi:10.1093/heapro/daz059