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General Overview: The integumentary system, is the system in our body that refers to everything that covers and protects our body. This includes skin, hair, nails, and fur (in animals).

Research Findings:

These elements of the integumentary system all have the purpose of protecting our body from other invasive/infectious organisms such as Pathogens (bacteria, and viruses).

In humans, skin, hair, and nails is what makes up the outermost layer of all humans. They are all made of keratin, a sustainable structural protein that prevents damage.

The most important part of this organ system would be our skin, which is also known as the largest organ in our body.

Epidermis

Epidermis is the outer most layer of our skin (the one that we can see and touch)

It does not have any blood vessels, which means that if an injury occurs solely in this layer it will not bleed.

It has the purpose of protection.

It contains a dead layer of keratin which is constantly renewed.

Dermis

Dermis is the middle layer of our skin, which contains two sublayers, the Papillary layer, and the Reticular layer.

The papillary layer is connected to the epidermis, and is responsible for providing it with nourishment and nutrients.

The reticular layer (bottom layer), is more heavily packed with blood vessels and made of collagen and a connective tissue. This gives it the purpose of making the skin firm and flexible with this combination.

Hypodermis

Hypodermis is the last layer of the skin.

It is made of connective tissue, and stored fat.

The fat in the layer helps generate heat for the organs inside the body.

The hypodermis also connects the three layers of the skin to the muscles beneath.

Source: Integumentary system PDF

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General overview: Homeostasis in simple terms, refers to the bodies ability to function seamlessly by maintaining stability when external or internal circumstances change or are provoked. Maintaining this balance is essential for the function of our interconnected body systems, as well as survival.

Research Findings:

In cells, Homeostasis is maintained by the exchange of energy and other materials with its surrounding organisms.

An example of homeostasis is how when the temperature rises, our body will sweat in order to cool down and regain the balance of body heat it had.

Sources:

Homeostasis. (n.d.). https://www.asbmb.org/education/core-concept-teaching-strategies/foundational-concepts/homeostasis#:~:text=Biological%20homeostasis%20is%20the%20ability,relatively%20narrow%20set%20of%20conditions.

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General overview: The skeletal system is composed of all the bones in our body, which has the main function of protection.

Research:

Its functions include, protecting internal organs, storing and releasing fat, the production of blood cells, Storing and releasing minerals, facilitating movement, and supporting the body.

The bone has three main parts who all have different functions;

The periosteum is the outer covering of the bone.

Compact bone is the inner had and dense part of the bone which stores calcium. It is also surrounded by hollow caverns for blood vessels to enter the bone.

The spongy bone a light part of the bone that has hollow spaces providing flexibility for the bone.

The bones connect to the circulatory system because they create the blood cells which are then transported to the circulatory system through small vessels in the bone.

The Bone marrow, which is the center inner part of our bones produces red blood cells.

When a bone is broken or fractured it has a process of regeneration which is based on two types of cells; The Osteoblast (constructs new bone), and Osteoclast (destroys dysfunctional bone parts). This healing process begins with the formation of blood coating the interior of the bone, which will then harden over time.

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General overview: The muscular system is composed of specialized cells, called muscle fiber. It has the primary function of providing movement to our body.

Types of muscles:

Voluntary muscle are the muscles that you can consciously control. This includes muscles attached to our bones, which provide movements such as walking and running.

Skeletal muscles are all the muscles attached to our skeletal system. Most skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles since we control the majority of our movement through signals from our brain.

Involuntary muscles are the ones who work without the need of our conscious control. This type of muscle tends to be attached to vital organs in our body that have essential purposes, such as our lungs.

Smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle found lining the walls of most of our organs, such as our intestines. It has a different pattern than other muscles since it appears smooth and patternless under a microscope.

cardiac muscle is only found in our hearts. It is very similar to the smooth muscle in terms of pattern and structure which is ideal for constantly relaxing and contracting.

The contraction of these organs occurs because the cells are relaxing and contracting, which makes the tissue contracts, which then makes the organ contract. So it all leads back to the cell.

There are veins in our muscles which are responsible for bringing and taking oxygen through red blood cells.

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The endocrine system is what controls the bodys metabolism, growth, water content, body temperature, and reproduction.

Organs part of this system do not rely on electrical signals from the nervous system to function, but instead on hormones which is a chemical substance in our body that regulates and controls behavior and actions (Hormones come from glands).

It includes organs such as the pituitary gland (attached to the brain), Pineal gland (Sleep hormone), Hypothalamus (part of the central nervous system that controls hormones), thyroid and parathyroid glands (part of throat - regulates energy), pancreas (produces the hormone that controls blood glucose), Testicle (for male - puberty and sperm production), Ovaries (females - creates estrogen which controls puberty and ability to have children).

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The nervous system is the connection that runs through all our body and the brain. The connection is made for the purpose of communication between these different parts of our body and our brain, which is our processing organ.

This happens so that senses such as sight, touch, and smell can be processed and understood by our brain.

Neurons take this information to the brain and within it.

The neurons are what turns information carried from the rest of our body into potential actions related to these senses, which are put into action by our brain after it processes the information.

The information the neurons take to the brain eventually become electrical signals.

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Connection : Homeostasis and skeletal system

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Connection : Homeostasis and skeletal system

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The skeletal system contribute to homeostasis because it produces blood cells which carry oxygen and minerals to different parts of our body. It also has the essential function of protecting our internal organs which allows them all to function normaly without interference from external environment.

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Connection : nervous system and endocrine system

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Connection : nervous system and endocrine system

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The hypothalamus, a part of our central nervous system, which controls hormones, serves as a bridge between these two systems. This is because the endocrine system is purely based and controlled by hormones, and since the hypothalamus creates and controls hormones they are directly connected to one another.

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The respiratory system is responsible our breathing, or in scientific language, gas exchange.

It is made of smooth muscle tissue, which is responsible for contracting and relaxing as well as protection.

Inside the lungs, there is epithelial tissue with cilia (little hairs) which are also responsible for protection and contraction.

There are two ways we can intake oxygen for our body, through the nose, and through the mouth. Which can also be categorized as cavities.

The trachea, also known as the windpipe is what takes our oxygen to our lungs.

There is a little flap connected to our stomach which prevents food from going into our lungs.

Our lungs also have mucus which is a sticky and slimy substance that is also used for protection.

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Function: The excretory system is in general responsible for removing any kind of wast from our bodies.

Structure:

It includes the kidneys, hair, nails, and lungs

The kidneys are a pair of organs that filter waste out of the blood.

As the food moves through our intestine, the nutrients are absorbed to be used for other purposes, while the wasted substances are carried and transported by blood to the kidneys. This is usually what is left over of cellular respiration and digestion.

Excess water, carbon

dioxide, and nitrogen compounds, are the main things that are removed from the body as waste.

The Urinary System:

Responsible for liquid metabolic waste, that includes excess water, salt, and minerals.

This waste will travel from the kidneys, to the renal arteries, which will then lead to the nephrons, which will filter it and reuse any useful nutrients.

The left over waste is then carried from to the ureter, then exits the body as liquid waste, urine.

Tissues:

Renal tissue (kidney tissue)

Ureteral tissue (wall tissue)

Blood vessels (vascular tissue)

Smooth Muscle tissue (Lining many of the main organs of the system)

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Function: move Oxygen, co2, and nutrients through our body.

The central organ of the circulatory system is the heart, which pumps blood, circulating oxygen and other substances to the rest of our body, through our blood.

Structure

heart (cardiac muscle (involuntary frequent contraction)). The heart has four different compartments, the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. They depending on the side, they will pump either oxygen, or Co2 (before the blood is purified)

The right atrium and

ventricle move blood

toward the lungs.

The left atrium and

ventricle move blood

toward the rest of

the body.

blood vessels (veins, arteries, and capillaries.

The plasm is the term used for the liquid part of the blood, which is made of water, and some dissolved proteins. It makes up 53% of our blood.

Cells:

Red blood cells are the most common in our blood, they are responsible for carrying oxygen to the rest of the body, and remove waste.

The white blood cells protect our body from harmful bacteria or viruses that get trapped in the circulatory system.

Platellets are the bodies repairers through blood. They form hard clots over injuries, and stop additional bleeding.

Transport:

Capillaries are the thinnest vessel in our body, which is used to transport new blood cells from the bone marrow, to the rest of the circulatory system. Their tiny and thin structure is ideal for traveling through the small crevices of our bones. They are solely made of epithelial tissue, making them more fragile.

Veins transport blood with carbon dioxide.

Arteries transport blood with oxygen.

Both veins and arteries are thicker and more resistant because they are made of both muscle and epithelial tissue.

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Connection: Circulatory system, and skeletal system

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Connection: Circulatory system, and skeletal system

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Bones, which are part of the skeletal system are responsible for the production of blood cells, which are vital for the function of the circulatory system, as well as other parts and organs of our body. The blood cells are created inside the bone marrow (the central part of the bone), and is then transported to the circulatory system through capillaries.

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Connection: Circulatory system and integumentary system.

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Connection: Circulatory system and integumentary system.

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Veins, arteries, and capillaries are all made of epithelial tissue, while veins and arteries are also made of muscle tissue. These are essential parts of the circulatory system, which are responsible for the transportation of blood. Platelets, which are the bodies natural repairer, work alongside with the integumentary system to create a scab and cover/heal injuries by using new epithelial tissue.

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Connection: Excretory system and circulatory system

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Connection: Excretory system and circulatory system

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The circulatory system is essential to the purpose of the excretory system of removing waste. This is because the substances that are considered waste to our body need to travel through our blood in order to exit our body. This mainly happens when the blood transports this waste to our kidneys, which have the purpose of filtering this waste out of the blood. Later in the procces left over nutrients that are useful will be put back into the circulatory system.

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Function: The Digestive system is responsible as a whole for taking in the food we eat, breaking it down, and absorbing its nutrients into the rest of the body.

Mechanical digestion : when the body physically and consciously breaks down food.

Chemical digestion: when the body internally breaks down food chemically, using enzymes, which are special proteins that produce chemical reactions.

Organs:

mouth - Responsible for mechanically digesting food through chewing and saliva.

esophagus - Carrying the food from our mouths after being mechanically digested, to the stomach.

stomach - Chemically digests food through a combination of acids. It them becomes chyme which is the combination of both food and stomach acids.

small intestine - Then, the chyme moves through the small intestine, collecting all the nutrients, which then go to the circulatory system.

large intestine - Responsible for collecting any leftover water from food residue that can no longer be digested. This waste is solid at this point and is then excreted from the body through the anus.

Accessory Organs:

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

In general they help the small intestine absorb nutrients.

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Function: The immune system protects and acts against invasive infections and diseases.

It detects the presence of these harmful pathogens and reacts against them before they can call harm. This is called the immune response.

Nonspecific immunity:

It has two different ways of serving its purpose. One is a first line of defense called non-specific immunity, which is made to prevent the pathogen from even entering the body.

If the virus manages to get past this first line of defense, lymphocytes which are white blood cells will detect it and alert the rest of the system.

Once it is detected, the immune systems goal is to kill the pathogen, and then prevent it from having any affect on the bodies homeostasis.

Specific Immunity:

A defense system that can protect the body from specific pathogens and viruses, while also establishing a memory of them, in case the body is infected once more by the same pathogen.

This is possible through memory b cells

plasma b cells are what create our antibodies, which prevent us from being reinfected.

Antigens - a part of the pathogen that triggers and immune response.

Organs and Tissues:

Bone marrow - What produces the white blood cells.

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Connection: Excretory system and digestive system

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Connection: Excretory system and digestive system

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These two systems are connected because they both help remove waste from our bodies. While the excretory system filter nutrients and waste through the kidneys which then becomes urine, the digestive system digests food, also collects its nutrients through the small intestine, and then removes the waste from our body as feces. Together, they rid our body of anything that is unnecessary.

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Connection: Immune system and skeletal system

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Connection: Immune system and skeletal system

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White blood cells which are essential to the immune system since they protect, detect, and act against harmful pathogens, are created inside the bone marrow of our bones.

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Muscles, and muscle tissue all over our body can maintain homeostasis by providing certain muscles with contraction independent of other factors. An example of this is the heart which would not be able to pump blood and carry nutrients and oxygen to the rest of our body if it was not for the stable contraction and relaxation of its muscle tissue.

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The circulatory system contributes to homeostasis by ensuring that all parts of our body, especially our vital organs for living such as our heart, brain, and lungs, receive vital nutrients through our blood, as well as oxygen.

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The excretory system contribute to homeostasis by maintaining a stable internal environment of the body by getting rid of waste. This is essential to prevent build up, which keeps our other systems functioning, especially the digestive system.

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This system contribute to homeostasis by breaking down food mechanically and chemically, while absorbing its useful nutrients essential for other parts and functions of our body, and then sending them into our bloodstream. It then sends waste to the digestive system which will help to maintain homeostasis by getting rid of this waste.

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Connection: Digestive system and Endocrine system

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Connection: Digestive system and Endocrine system

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The endocrine system has a crucial role in making sure that the digestive system is well regulated and maintained in a state of homeostasis through the regulation of hormones. It does this by adjusting enzyme and hormone secretion based on the quantity and type of food we intake. if these hormones were not regulated it would lead to the imbalance of nutrient and energy storage.

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Connection: Digestive system and circulatory system

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Connection: Digestive system and circulatory system

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While the digestive system ensures the collection and absorption of nutrients from food, the circulatory system is responsible for transporting them throughout our body through veins and arteries. Delivering it to different organs and tissues. This also ensures that our energy is balanced and collected from the food we eat.

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Connection: Muscular system and circulatory system

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Connection: Muscular system and circulatory system

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The muscular system and circulatory system are tightly interconnected, especially when it comes to maintaining homeostasis. The blood carries essential oxygen and nutrients that our muscles need for energy production and contraction in order to perform basic movements. This is why our heartbeat increases during exercise, so we can receive a higher amount of blood with these nutrients in order to keep going. meaning that our energy demands increase, and our circulatory system is always their to help.

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Connection: muscular system and skeletal system

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Connection: muscular system and skeletal system

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Muscles and bones interact all the time in order to provide our body with its constant and wide range of movements. a specific type of muscle tissue, the skeletal muscle, is responsible for attaching to bones through our tendons facilitating the contraction responsible for the production of movement.

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The immune system contribute to homeostasis by protecting the body from all external forms of danger in the form of bacteria, viruses, and pathogens. Through this role, it helps the body maintain its balance by preventing and combating agains these harmful conditions, which when infected can destabilize other organs, and therefore other body systems.

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Connection: Immune system and circulatory system

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Connection: Immune system and circulatory system

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The immune system uses various types of white blood cells and plattelets in order to combat pathogens when infected. These blood cells travel to the cites of infection efficiently because of the help of the circulatory system since they travel throughout our bloodstream.

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Connection: Skeletal system and nervous system

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Connection: Skeletal system and nervous system

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The skeletal system is vital to the nervous system because it protects the central nervous system (CNS) through structures like our skull, which are essential for its function. It also protects the vertebra column, our spine. Our bones also contain nerves that are specialized in sensing pain and pressure, which is one of the reasons why we feel pain when a bone is broken

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Connection: Skeletal system and respiratory system

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Connection: Skeletal system and respiratory system

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The skeletal system forms our ribcage which is responsible fro protection our lungs and our heart, two of our most vital organs. Beside protection, it also allows for the expansion and contraction of our lungs during gas exchange.

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Skeletal muscle - the muscle we have most in our body. they are attached to bones by tendons.

Motor neurons communicate to your muscles when to contract, and the better those signals are, the stronger a person can get.

over 650 skeletal muscles in our body.

When you exercise, you are forcing your muscle fibers to contract and stretch repeatedly

muscle contraction is when the muscles tighten, shorten, and lengthen during physical activity.

sometimes muscle contracts involuntarily.

our body needs our muscles top contract in order to be able to move.

40% of bodys temperature converts into muscle movement

Isometric or stationary contraction:

luscle contracts

length doesnt change

joint doesnt move

builds strngth but not most efficient

Concentric contraction

the muscle shortens

the one we are most used to

Eccentric contraction

Muscle gets longer

tension is produced.

causes tiny tears in the muscle fibers

sorenes in caused because your body is getting to work repairing those muscles.

these tears are normal and essential to building muscle

This is also what causes the muscles to grow and get bigger

The duration and intensity can influence the affect it has on your body

repetition

testosterone can also increase muscle growth

Improves sensitivity

Satellite cells - help with muscle regenerationn- repair muscle

During this procces muscles will increase in size and strength

Tension helps change the chemistry of the muscle

cell swelling also contribute to muscle growth.

protein helps rebuild muscle fibers

glucose is one of the main sources of fiber

Crabohydrates is important for this procces

lean protein is important to help build muscle

hydration is important for muscle repair

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The respiratory contribute to Homeostasis because it is responsible for regulating the balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body. It does this by working alongside other systems in our body, such as the circulatory system and nervous system. This is a very important task to homeostasis because co2 cannot maintain in our bodies because it is toxic to us.

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Connection: Respiratory system and circulatory system

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Connection: Respiratory system and circulatory system

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These two systems are connected because the circulatory system is responsible for delivering the oxygen to tissues and carrying the co2 back to our lungs to be exhaled through gas exchange. This happens through our veins and arteries where the co2 and oxygen are transported inside our red blood cells.

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Connection: Respiratory system and nervous system

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Connection: Respiratory system and nervous system

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Since the nervous system works by sending chemical signals to and from the brain with commands, it also has a critial role in gas exchange by telling our body through our brain how to keep a constant and steady rate of breathing, ensuring that the body receives enough oxygen, and then exhales co2.

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The nervous systems helps the body maintain the state of Homeostasis by monitoring and regulating the functionality and coordination of multiple body functions, since it is responsible for the signals that cause these internal actions. It is also very important for maintaining Homeostasis since it also controls involuntary functions and organs that are vital to the balance of our systems as well as our survival, such as heart rate, and respiration.

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Connection: Nervous system and digestive system

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Connection: Nervous system and digestive system

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Since the nervous system is responsible for controlling vital involuntary function, it has a vital role in the digestive system, by helping and controlling the production of saliva, enzyme secretion, and commanding the absorption of nutrients, which is essential of gathering energy.

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Connection: Integumentary system and immune system

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Connection: Integumentary system and immune system

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The skin works closely with the immune system to keep pathogens away from the body through specialized cells, in a way they act as a physical barrier against invasive pathogens.

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Connection: Integumentary system and nervous system

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Connection: Integumentary system and nervous system

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The skin is connected to the nervous system because it contains sensory detectors sending signals when we feel certain textures, pain, and change in temperatures. When it comes to temperatures, the nervous system also controls sweating, which is essential for the body and skin to cool down.

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Considering the integumentary system serves as the exterior protection of all our vital organs and other systems, it contribute to homeostasis by not allowing the disruption of our internal systems independent of external conditions, allowing the body to stay in a state of balance.

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The endocrine system contributes to Homeostasis by regulating various body system through the secretion of hormones, which are very important for the balance and function of our body and its systems. The hormones travel through our bloodstream to reach organs in order to control their metabolism and growth.

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Connection: Endocrine system and immune system

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Connection: Endocrine system and immune system

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These two systems work together in order to regulate our bodies response to stress. stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary which increases cortisol production. This can impair the immune system, affecting the body’s ability to defend itself from infections, increasing the risk of illness.

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Connection: Endocrine system and nervous system

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Connection: Endocrine system and nervous system

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These two system are connected by the hypothalamus, an important part of the brain, which connects the endocrine and nervous systems. This is because it receives signals from the nervous system and responds by releasing hormones that balance the pituitary gland, which then controls other glands that are part of the endocrine system.