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Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

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Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

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Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

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For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to…

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Protecting Sea Turtles from Coastal Development

Taylor Gordon

Introduction

Coastal development has several impacts on sea turtles' life cycle. Development encroaches on beaches where nesting sea turtles lay their eggs. Construction also causes pollution from runoff and litter which can pollute water near shore where sea turtles' mate. Coastal development also causes ditches and bumps that make it difficult for females to navigate the beach and find a sufficient spot for their nest, while creating obstacles for the already vulnerable hatchlings. Finally, light pollution from coastal buildings and pathways confuses hatchlings who use the moonlight to navigate their way safely to the water - lights from construction and buildings can cause them to go the wrong way, ending up in roads and other dangerous spots. This blog asserts that courts should strictly enforce laws that protect sea turtles from direct harm and take and consider the serious impacts of development.

Turtles and Beaches

Beaches provide many ecosystem services, ranging from microscopic organisms to larger flora and fauna species. Beaches also provide wave dissipation and buffering against extreme weather, acting as a first line of defense against sea-level rise. The maintenance of nourished beaches is crucial because they provide important wildlife habitat for vegetation, seabirds, crabs, mollusks, and larger animals, such as sea turtles. Sea turtles spend much of their lives in the ocean; however, they do rely on beaches for important life events, i.e., nesting. Not only do beaches supply turtles with habitat critical to their life cycle, but turtles' use of beaches also provides important ecosystem benefits, such as prey for other species and enriching the sandy beach with nutrients to ensure healthy vegetation. If female turtles are no longer able to use a beach for nesting, the beach itself will lose these valuable services and sources.

Coastal Development and Turtles

Coastal development is an anthropogenic activity that involves changing the landscape within sight of the coastline. This includes building structures on or near the coast for residential, commercial, and recreational purposes. Coastal development can also include beach renourishment and restoration, seawall construction, and nearshore dredging. These actions do have some benefits, specifically regarding political and tourism sectors, but through an environmental lens, there are many detrimental effects to this kind of development. These effects include encroachment on available nesting sites, structures that can block females from accessing the beach from the ocean, and pollution.

Encroachment

One of the most direct impacts coastal developments has on sea turtles is encroachment on the nesting beaches. As development and construction moves onto beaches, it takes away from the available nesting sites. Females return to the same beach they were born on, so as availability gets more limited, females get disoriented on where to lay theirclutches, sometimes resorting to dumping theireggs in the ocean, which means the entire clutch will be lost as they cannot incubate nor survive in water.

Another type of encroachment that impacts sea turtles are hard structures created to protect beaches from harsh, eroding waves. Seawalls are impenetrable barriers that prevent female turtles from accessing the nesting beaches. There are also cases where turtles can get up the beach during higher tides, but then get stuck behind the hard structures making them more at risk for predators, stress, and disorientation.

Pollution

Coastal development does not only impact turtles with the actual buildings and encroachment, but there is also pollution that comes from the development process and the aftermath, i.e., buildings and more anthropogenic activities. Three major points of pollution exacerbated by coastal development that impact sea turtles includewater pollution, land pollution, and light pollution.

What Can Be Done?

All species of sea turtles are listed as endangered or threatened under international, federal, state, and local laws so there are existing laws to protect them through all stages of their life cycle. The issue is that they need to be enforced more strongly and taken seriously by courts when cases are brought to them. Below is a summary of some of the laws protecting sea turtles.

On the state and local level, Florida has a high concentration of nesting turtles, so it has local and state laws to protect them.

Local

One prime example of a local ordinance is the Charlotte County Sea Turtle Protection Ordinance of Charlotte County, Florida. Section 3-5-298 directly addresses coastal construction conducted within the nesting zone during nesting season. Section 3-5-299 addresses beachfront lighting, including light sources, in both new and existing development. Essentially, all artificial, manmade lighting isto be "shielded such that no light source illuminates the nesting zone" and "tinted glass shall be installed on all windows facing the Gulf of Mexico" (Ord. No. 98-041, Section 4, 6-23-98). Other counties with nesting turtles should adopt similar lighting ordinances as soon as possible. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) has mapped out all counties in Florida and whether there are current lighting ordinances in place - there are only 4 counties without lighting ordinances, but in all 4 of these counties there is at least one municipality with ordinances.

These two sections, if upheld responsibly, will help mitigate the potential harm caused by coastal development. In addition to the map, which shows light ordinances only, the FWC has every county/municipality listed with the specific sea turtle protection ordinances in place within their county lines, including both light ordinances and coastal construction in nesting zone ordinances.

State

Florida Statute 379.2431 is considered the Marine Turtle Protection Act and it includes a provision prohibiting 'take' of any sea turtle species. 'Take' is defined under the Act as an act that kills or injures marine turtles and includes significant habitat modification or degradation that kills or injures marine turtles by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns (379.2431.2). Another Florida Statute, statute 161.163, directs the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) to designate coastal areas, utilized by sea turtles for nesting, and establish guidelines for regulations that control beachfront lighting to protect hatchlings. FDEP also requires permits for development seaward of the established Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL); these permits add requirements and mitigate adverse impacts on turtles and their nesting habitats. FDEP also has set times where construction cannot be conducted, which is nesting seasons (Nov. 1 - April 1).

Federal

Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA)

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is a comprehensive Federal Act aimed to protect endangered species and their habitats. Like the Marine Turtle Protection Act in Florida, the ESA also prohibits 'take' of endangered species, including all species of sea turtles.

There have been a few court cases regarding sea turtles and the ESA. In the January 2020 case, Center for Biological Diversity v. Bernhardt, several organizations (Center for Biological Diversity, Sea Turtle Oversight Protection, and Turtle Island Restoration Network), sued several parties (Secretary of DOI, Principal Deputy Director of USFWS, USFWS, Secretary of Department of Commerce, and Assistant Admin for Fisheries at NOAA) for violation of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. section 1533(b)(3)(B) - failure to designate critical habitat for the green sea turtle. In August 2020, there was a stipulated settlement agreement ordered where the parties agreed to a timeline for action on critical habitat for green sea turtles - the defendants must submit the proposed designation of critical habitat for six populations of the species by June 2023.

Another court case is Loggerhead Turtle v. Volusia County Council in which the plaintiffs argued that the county was responsible forprotecting turtles under ESA from vehicles driven on the beach. In this case, the court concluded that Volusia County was responsible for the actions taken on the beach because the county issued permits for vehicles to drive on beaches at night, endangering turtle populations. Under the ESA, the county is liable for the 'taking' of the federally protected turtles.

International

There are several collaborative acts, regulations, conventions, treaties, etc. in place for international protection of sea turtles. The biggest international convention that protects sea turtles, and other endangered species isthe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Due to their highly migratory nature, sea turtles are particularly threatened and are listed as endangered under appendix I of CITES.

Pulling it All Together

There are good ordinances, laws, regulations, and agreements already on the books to protect sea turtles. What is needed is better, more effective enforcement and attention. In other words, we need to use the laws already established - no need to reinvent the wheel, but there is a need to use the wheel wisely. One of the most difficult parts of this protection is the number of moving pieces and players that will need to work together to reach the goal - protect endangered sea turtles from the harm that comes from anthropogenic activities associated with coastal development. If more cities/counties, specifically in coastal zones, implement the codes that are proving to be helpful, then the impact will be more widespread. Following ordinances like seasonal construction and shielded lights may sound like a nuisance, but they will have a large impact. The enforcement needs to besuch that developers and other people sharing the beaches with turtles truly respect the laws and abide by them and,if they do not, violations need to be addressed with punishments, such as fines. Environmental groups need to continue the work they are doing and bring cases to the courts to set precedents to protect the species- designating critical habitat and prohibiting vehicles on beaches are a good start. Humans are the cause for a lot of the damages done to sea turtle populations, so we must be an active solution to save them.

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Protecting Sea Turtles from Coastal Development - Taylor Gordon

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Protecting Sea Turtles from Coastal Development Taylor Gordon Introduction Coastal development has several impacts on sea turtles' life cycle. Development encroaches on beaches where nesting sea turtles lay their eggs. Construction also causes pollution from runoff and litter which can pollute water near shore where sea turtles' mate.

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Protecting Species through Legislation: The Case of Sea Turtles

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Protecting Species through Legislation: The Case of Sea Turtles

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Warmer and wetter conditions will reduce offspring production of hawksbill turtles in Brazil under climate change

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Warmer and wetter conditions will reduce offspring production of hawksbill turtles in Brazil under climate change

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Population Viability of Sea Turtles in the Context of Global Warming

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Population Viability of Sea Turtles in the Context of Global Warming

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Endangered hawksbill turtle shell trade is much bigger than scientists ever suspected

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Endangered hawksbill turtle shell trade is much bigger than scientists ever suspected

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Endangered hawksbill turtle shell trade is much bigger than scientists ever suspected

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Records going back to the mid-1800s show millions were hunted.

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Trade in sea turtle products is banned, but they’re still sold in Japan

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Trade in sea turtle products is banned, but they’re still sold in Japan

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Trade in sea turtle products is banned, but they’re still sold in Japan

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Japanese demand for tortoiseshell is driving critically endangered—and protected—hawksbill sea turtles toward extinction.

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Hurricane season poses serious threat to sea turtles

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And hurricanes aren't the only weather danger that affect sea turtle populations, conservation experts say. Another seemingly harmless weather factor could affect populations for years to come.

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Sea Turtles and Plastic Pollution - The State of the World's Sea Turtles 

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Sea Turtles and Plastic Pollution - The State of the World's Sea Turtles 

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The State of the World's Sea Turtles | SWOT

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How is plastic affecting sea turtles?

Sea turtles come into contact with plastic debris at various stages throughout their life cycle and in a range of different habitats both near the coast and out in the open ocean. Plastic pollution affects sea turtles in two main ways: 1) through ingestion, and 2) through entanglement.

1. Ingestion: Sea turtles can ingest plastic by mistaking it for their natural food (for example, a plastic bag that looks like a jellyfish), or by accidentally eating plastic that is present among their natural food (for example, a plastic straw on the seafloor among crustaceans). Researchers have also found that sea turtles are attracted to the way that marine plastics smell, likely due to the organisms that latch on to plastic debris in the ocean. As a result, scientists have estimated that more than half of all sea turtles have eaten plastic. When sea turtles eat plastic, it can cause physical damage to their intestines, lead to blockages, or trick the turtles into feeling full when they are not, all of which can cause sea turtles to become sick, or even to die.

2. Entanglement: Sea turtles can become entangled in plastic waste, such as discarded fishing gear, also known as " ghost nets" / "ghost gear," or other debris, while they are migrating, feeding, or even while they are nesting. Entanglement can lead to injuries, can hinder their ability to swim, to surface for air, or to feed, and, in severe cases, can lead to drowning and death. Scientists estimate that at least 1,000 sea turtles die each year due to entanglement in plastic -that's an average of more than 1 turtle every 9 hours!

The risks of ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic pollution may be especially significant for young sea turtles. This is because sea turtles spend their early years floating with ocean currents, where they live in flotsam, such as Sargassum mats (brown algae), and eat other organisms that float with the currents. Sadly, plastic waste is also transported by ocean currents, leading to an unfortunate convergence that puts young sea turtles at higher risk of ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic. However, because sea turtles' developmental habitats are difficult to find and to access, very little is known about the early years of sea turtles' lives, including how young turtles are being impacted by plastic pollution. More research is needed in this area, and will undoubtedly be a focus of scientists in the years ahead.

What's being done to reduce the impacts of plastic on sea turtles?

Efforts to find solutions to the plastic pollution problem are underway globally, and many solutions already exist. For example, the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to significantly reduce and prevent marine pollution, including plastic, by 2025, and in 2022, 175 nations agreed to sign a legally binding plastics treaty by 2024.

Hundreds of organizations globally are also working to fight plastic pollution by organizing cleanups, advocating to governments, creating public awareness campaigns, and coming up with novel ways to repurpose plastic waste. Many efforts also focus specifically on plastic and sea turtles, both by conducting much-needed research and also by rehabilitating turtles that are sick or injured from ingestion or entanglement in plastic.

What can I do about sea turtles and plastic pollution?

The good news is that you can make a difference too! By reducing your use of single-use plastics such as straws, plastic bags, and disposable utensils, properly disposing of your waste in appropriate bins, and picking up any loose plastic waste you come across, you can have a significant impact on the well-being of sea turtles and other ocean wildlife. If you're looking for an easy way to get started, sign up for Oceanic Society's 7-Day Fight Plastic Waste Challenge to get simple, daily ideas to help you fight plastic pollution at home. To learn about more opportunities to make a difference, read up on the many solutions to plastic pollution that are already out there.

Taking action to reduce plastic use and properly dispose of waste is crucial in protecting these ancient creatures from further harm. Together, we can make a difference and ensure a brighter future for sea turtles and our oceans.

Where can I learn more about sea turtles and plastic pollution?

Check out the following articles to learn more about sea turtles and plastic:

Scientific publications:

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Sea Turtles and Plastic Pollution - The State of the World's Sea Turtles | SWOT

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Sea turtles are impacted by plastic pollution in many ways. Learn all about sea turtles and plastic pollution in this guide.

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What do sea turtles eat? Unfortunately, plastic bags.

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Plastic has only been mass-produced since the 1940s, but it’s having a devastating impact on sea turtles. Many of us are doing our part to reduce plastic pollution by recycling and reducing single-use items, but governments must also step up to take accountability and end this pollution epidemic.