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We have gotten a better understanding of heterozygous crossing using a punnet square.

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We learnt more about the seriousness of genetic disorders in UAE and how they are caused. We also learnt about homozygous and heterozygous alleles.

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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a relatively high prevalence of genetic disorders, like many other Arab countries . According to a recent study, the most common genetic disorders in the UAE are blood disorders such as:

1.     Anemia

2.     Sickle cell

3.     Thalassemia

4.     Haemophilia

5.     Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)

It’s worth noting that the UAE has a unique demographic, with close to 90% of the population being expatriate. A recent study analyzed all genetic disorders and gene variants reported in Emirati nationals and hosted on the Catalogue for Transmission Genetics in Arabs (CTGA), an open-access database hosting bibliographic data on human gene variants associated with inherited or heritable phenotypes in Arabs. To date, CTGA hosts 665 distinct genetic conditions that have been described in Emiratis, 621 of which follow a clear Mendelian inheritance. Over half of these are extremely rare according to global prevalence rates, predominantly with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. This is likely due to the relatively high consanguinity rates within the Emirati population.

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Genetic variation is increased by meiosis because of recombination and independent assortment in meiosis, each gamete contains a different set of DNA. This produces a unique combination of genes in the resulting zygote.

GROUP1

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1. Thalassemia: Thalassemia is a group of blood disorders characterized by the inadequate production of hemoglobin. It is relatively common in the UAE due to a high rate of consanguineous marriages.

2. Sickle Cell Anemia: Sickle Cell Anemia is another blood disorder where red blood cells become misshapen and break down. It's less common in the UAE compared to other regions, but still exists.

3. Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder affecting the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. It occurs at lower frequencies in the UAE compared to other regions.

4. G6PD Deficiency: This is an X-linked recessive disorder that affects the red blood cells. It's relatively common in the UAE, particularly among males.

5. Phenylketonuria (PKU): PKU is a metabolic disorder that prevents the breakdown of phenylalanine. It's screened for in newborns and managed through dietary restrictions.

6. Alpha-Thalassemia: Another type of thalassemia, alpha-thalassemia, is also prevalent in the UAE.

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One environmental factor that might influence both phenotypic and genotypic traits in humans is exposure to certain pollutants or toxins. For example, exposure to air pollution or chemicals in the environment can potentially impact gene expression and lead to changes in phenotypic traits. This can manifest as respiratory issues, allergies, or even genetic mutations that can be passed down to future generations. It is important to study and mitigate the effects of such environmental factors to promote healthier outcomes for both current and future generations.

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Objective: Simulate a monohybrid cross and utilize the experimental data to develop a Punnett Square for the prediction of the offspring

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Objective: Simulate a monohybrid cross and utilize the experimental data to develop a Punnett Square for the prediction of the offspring

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Starter-Quiz: Circle the choices that are examples of each of those words. 1. Dominant alleleD e k L N n R S  2. Recessive allele M n d F G r k P 3. Homozygous dominant AA Gg KK mm uu Rr TT. 4. Homozygous recessive  Ff HH Oo qq Uu ww. 5. Genotypes in which dominant gene must show AA Dd EE ff Jj RR Ss 6. Genotypes in which recessive gene must show aa Gg Ff KK rr Oo Tt

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Starter-Quiz: Circle the choices that are examples of each of those words. 1. Dominant alleleD e k L N n R S  2. Recessive allele M n d F G r k P 3. Homozygous dominant AA Gg KK mm uu Rr TT. 4. Homozygous recessive  Ff HH Oo qq Uu ww. 5. Genotypes in which dominant gene must show AA Dd EE ff Jj RR Ss 6. Genotypes in which recessive gene must show aa Gg Ff KK rr Oo Tt

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Task-1Group 1 and 2-Assign one color of bean to represent the dominant allele (e.g., red bean- brown) and another color to represent the recessive allele (e.g., white bean- blue).3. Each group of 2 students will pick up 1 plastic bag filled with 4 red (brown) beans and another one with 4 white (blue) beans. This represents the 2 parents. 4. If each bag represents the genotype of one parent. Write the resulting genotype and phenotype . Create punnett square

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Task-1Group 1 and 2-Assign one color of bean to represent the dominant allele (e.g., red bean- brown) and another color to represent the recessive allele (e.g., white bean- blue).3. Each group of 2 students will pick up 1 plastic bag filled with 4 red (brown) beans and another one with 4 white (blue) beans. This represents the 2 parents. 4. If each bag represents the genotype of one parent. Write the resulting genotype and phenotype . Create punnett square

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Methodology-A monohybrid cross is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.” “The cross between two monohybrid traits (TT and tt) is called a Monohybrid Cross.” Monohybrid cross is responsible for the inheritance of one gene.

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Methodology-A monohybrid cross is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.” “The cross between two monohybrid traits (TT and tt) is called a Monohybrid Cross.” Monohybrid cross is responsible for the inheritance of one gene.

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Task-2 [Gr 3 and 4]-Determine the trait you want to study, such as eye color (dominant: brown(B), recessive: blue(b)).2. Assign one color of bean to represent the dominant allele (e.g., red bean-brown) and another color to represent the recessive allele (e.g., white bean- blue).3. Each group of 2 students will pick up 2 plastic bags filled with 4 red (brown) beans and 4 white (blue) beans. Create Punnett square. 

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Task-2 [Gr 3 and 4]-Determine the trait you want to study, such as eye color (dominant: brown(B), recessive: blue(b)).2. Assign one color of bean to represent the dominant allele (e.g., red bean-brown) and another color to represent the recessive allele (e.g., white bean- blue).3. Each group of 2 students will pick up 2 plastic bags filled with 4 red (brown) beans and 4 white (blue) beans. Create Punnett square. 

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Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the lungs, but can also affect the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestines. Common symptoms include:

Difficulty breathing
Frequent coughing
Chest and sinus infections
Production of sticky mucus
Salty-tasting skin
The Cystic Fibrosis Program at Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi specializes in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, a genetically-inherited disorder that mainly affects the lungs, but can also affect other organs.
Thalassemia
Thalassemia, a group of genetic (autosomal recessive) blood disorders characterised by abnormal hemoglobin production in red blood cells, is a major health challenge in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) burdening the healthcare system, individuals and families.
It has been found that consanguineous marriages lead to the increased expression of autosomal recessive disorders
Sickle blood cells
Sickle cell anemia also known as sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder of the red blood cells in which the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues and organs. In a normal situation, the red blood cells have a disc like shape which makes them flexible to travel through blood vessels. However, in sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells have an abnormal sickle or crescent like shape. This makes them rigid and sticky and prone to getting stuck in the small blood vessels which can block or slow down the blood flow hence disrupting oxygenation of the body tissues and organs. This can result in pain and organ damage.

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Task 3:  Gr 5-7Perform the first 7 steps from Task 2.8. Calculate the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes by dividing the number of squares with each outcome by the total number of squares.9. Discuss the results and interpret the patterns of inheritance observed in Punnett square. Determine the probability of offspring inheriting the dominant or recessive trait.

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Task 3:  Gr 5-7Perform the first 7 steps from Task 2.8. Calculate the ratio of genotypes and phenotypes by dividing the number of squares with each outcome by the total number of squares.9. Discuss the results and interpret the patterns of inheritance observed in Punnett square. Determine the probability of offspring inheriting the dominant or recessive trait.

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UAE context: Research and find out some genetic disorders that are prevalent in UAE and follow Mendelian genetics like thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia etc.

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UAE context: Research and find out some genetic disorders that are prevalent in UAE and follow Mendelian genetics like thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia etc.

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In the UAE, prevalent genetic disorders include thalassemia, a Mendelian blood disorder causing anemia, and cystic fibrosis, a genetic lung condition. Sickle cell anemia is less common but present among certain ethnic groups.

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SDG-COP28- Propose an environmental factor that might influence both phenotypic and genotypic traits in humans. 

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SDG-COP28- Propose an environmental factor that might influence both phenotypic and genotypic traits in humans. 

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 Innovation: Real life   Case study 1: A brown-eyed man, whose mother was blue-eyed, marries a brown-eyed woman whose father had blue eyes. What is the probability that this couple will have a blue-eyed child? Find out using Punnett square. Analyze how meiosis leads to variations. 

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 Innovation: Real life   Case study 1: A brown-eyed man, whose mother was blue-eyed, marries a brown-eyed woman whose father had blue eyes. What is the probability that this couple will have a blue-eyed child? Find out using Punnett square. Analyze how meiosis leads to variations. 

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Reflection, Process Success criteria , Plenary  -????

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Reflection, Process Success criteria , Plenary  -????

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Plenary-	Let’s go back to your hypothesis. 	Do you think you had formulated the right hypothesis or do you want to change the hypothesis?	 After today’s lesson mention at least one importance of being aware of inheritance patterns of traits in the family. (BIG IDEA)	Padlet- How well have you learnt monohybrid cross?

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Plenary-	Let’s go back to your hypothesis. 	Do you think you had formulated the right hypothesis or do you want to change the hypothesis?	 After today’s lesson mention at least one importance of being aware of inheritance patterns of traits in the family. (BIG IDEA)	Padlet- How well have you learnt monohybrid cross?

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Critical thinking/Challenge- illustrate one of the ways in which meiosis is responsible for the tremendous variation that exists in every sexual species.	

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Critical thinking/Challenge- illustrate one of the ways in which meiosis is responsible for the tremendous variation that exists in every sexual species.	

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We’ve learned about the genotyping and phenotypic ratio and also more about homozygous and heterozygous alleles.